CreateML 使用以及在 iOS 中应用介绍

发表于 2年以前 | 总阅读数：2356 次

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在低代码/无代码领域，例如 MS Power Platform，AWS 的 Amplify 都有类似于 AI Builder 的产品，这些产品主要让用户很低门槛训练自己的深度学习模型，CreateML 是苹果生态下的产品，工具上伴随 XCode 下发，安装了 XCode 的同学也可以打开来体验一下（得自己准备数据集）。

什么是 CreateML

Create ML 是苹果于2018年 WWDC 推出的生成机器学习模型的工具。它可以接收用户给定的数据，生成 iOS 开发中需要的机器学习模型（Core ML 模型）。

iOS 开发中，机器学习模型的获取主要有以下几种：

从苹果的官方主页[1]下载现成的模型。2017年有4个现成的模型，2018年有6个，2019年增加到了9个（8个图片、1个文字），今年进展到了 13，数量有限，进步速度缓慢，但是这些模型都是比较实用的，能在手机上在用户体验允许的情况下能够跑起来的。
用第三方的机器学习框架生成模型，再用 Core ML Tools 转成 Core ML 模型。2017年苹果宣布支持的框架有6个，包括 Caffee、Keras。2018年宣布支持的第三方框架增加到了11个，包括了最知名的 TensorFlow、IBM Watson、MXNet。至此 Core ML 已经完全支持市面上所有主流的框架。
用 Create ML 直接训练数据生成模型。2018年推出的初代 Create ML有三个特性：使用 Swift 编程进行操作、用 Playground 训练和生成模型、在 Mac OS 上完成所有工作。

今年的 Create ML 在易用性上更进一步：无需编程即可完成操作、独立成单独的 Mac OS App、支持更多的数据类型和使用场景。

CreateML 模型列表

Image Classification：图片分类

2. Object Detection：

3. Style Transfer

4. Hand Pose & Hand Action

5. Action Classification

6. Activity Classification

6 . Sound Classification

想象一下「Hey Siri」实现

7. Text Classification

8. Word Tagging

9. Tabular Classification & Regression

通过若干个维度，预测另外一个维度，例如通过性别、年龄、城市等推断你的收入级别。

10 . Recommendation

例如你买了啤酒，推荐你买花生。历史上的也有一些不是基于深度学习的算法，例如 Apriori 等。

CreateML 模型尝鲜

训练一个目标检测的 CreateML 模型

数据准备

有些同学可能认为觉得训练深度模型的难点在于找到适当的算法/模型、在足够强的机器下训练足够多的迭代次数。但是事实上，对于深度模型来说，最最最关键的是具有足够多的、精确的数据源，这也是 AI 行业容易形成头部效应最主要原因。假设你在做一个 AI 相关的应用，最主要需要关注的是如何拥有足够多的、精确的数据源。

下面我就与上面「尝鲜」的模型为例，讲述如何训练类似模型的。

数据格式

CreateML 目标检测的数据格式如下图：

首先会有一个叫 annotions.json 的文件，这个文件会标注每个文件里有多少个目标，以及目标的 Bounding Box 的坐标是什么。

例如上图对应的 Bounding Box 如下：

准备足够多的数据

第一个问题是，什么才叫足够多的数据，我们可以看一些 Dataset 来参考一下：

Standford Cars Dataset: 934MB. The Cars dataset contains 16,185 images of 196 classes of cars. The data is split into 8,144 training images and 8,041 testing images。
https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/kmader/food41: Labeled food images in 101 categories from apple pies to waffles, 6GB

在上面这个例子里，原神的角色有大概 40 多个，所以我们需要准备大概百来 MB 的数据来训练作为起来，当精确度不高的时候，再增加样本的数量来增加精度。问题是我们去哪里找那么多数据呢？所以我想到的一个方法是通过脚本来合成，因为我们的问题只是定位提取图片中的角色「证件照」，我用大概 40 来角色的证件照，写了如下的脚本（colipot helped a alot ...）来生成大概 500MB 的测试训练集：

// import sharp from "sharp";

import { createCanvas, Image } from "@napi-rs/canvas";
import { promises } from "fs";
import fs from "fs";
import path from "path";
import Sharp from "sharp";

const IMAGE_GENERATED_COUNT_PER_CLASS = 5;
const MAX_NUMBER_OF_CLASSES_IN_SINGLE_IMAGE = 10;
const CANVAS_WIDTH = 1024;
const CANVAS_HEIGHT = 800;
const CONCURRENT_PROMISE_SIZE = 50;

const CanvasSize = [CANVAS_WIDTH, CANVAS_HEIGHT];

function isNotOverlap(x1: number, y1: number, width1: number, height1: number, x2: number, y2: number, width2: number, height2: number) {
    return x1 >= x2 + width2 || x1 + width1 <= x2 || y1 >= y2 + height2 || y1 + height1 <= y2;
}

const randomColorList: Record<string, string> = {
    "white": "rgb(255, 255, 255)",
    "black": "rgb(0, 0, 0)",
    "red": "rgb(255, 0, 0)",
    "green": "rgb(0, 255, 0)",
    "blue": "rgb(0, 0, 255)",
    "yellow": "rgb(255, 255, 0)",
    "cyan": "rgb(0, 255, 255)",
    "magenta": "rgb(255, 0, 255)",
    "gray": "rgb(128, 128, 128)",
    "grey": "rgb(128, 128, 128)",
    "maroon": "rgb(128, 0, 0)",
    "olive": "rgb(128, 128, 0)",
    "purple": "rgb(128, 0, 128)",
    "teal": "rgb(0, 128, 128)",
    "navy": "rgb(0, 0, 128)",
    "orange": "rgb(255, 165, 0)",
    "aliceblue": "rgb(240, 248, 255)",
    "antiquewhite": "rgb(250, 235, 215)",
    "aquamarine": "rgb(127, 255, 212)",
    "azure": "rgb(240, 255, 255)",
    "beige": "rgb(245, 245, 220)",
    "bisque": "rgb(255, 228, 196)",
    "blanchedalmond": "rgb(255, 235, 205)",
    "blueviolet": "rgb(138, 43, 226)",
    "brown": "rgb(165, 42, 42)",
    "burlywood": "rgb(222, 184, 135)",
    "cadetblue": "rgb(95, 158, 160)",
    "chartreuse": "rgb(127, 255, 0)",
    "chocolate": "rgb(210, 105, 30)",
    "coral": "rgb(255, 127, 80)",
    "cornflowerblue": "rgb(100, 149, 237)",
    "cornsilk": "rgb(255, 248, 220)",
    "crimson": "rgb(220, 20, 60)",
    "darkblue": "rgb(0, 0, 139)",
    "darkcyan": "rgb(0, 139, 139)",
    "darkgoldenrod": "rgb(184, 134, 11)",
    "darkgray": "rgb(169, 169, 169)",
    "darkgreen": "rgb(0, 100, 0)",
    "darkgrey": "rgb(169, 169, 169)",
    "darkkhaki": "rgb(189, 183, 107)",
    "darkmagenta": "rgb(139, 0, 139)",
    "darkolivegreen": "rgb(85, 107, 47)",
    "darkorange": "rgb(255, 140, 0)",
    "darkorchid": "rgb(153, 50, 204)",
    "darkred": "rgb(139, 0, 0)"
}

function generateColor(index: number = -1) {
    if (index < 0 || index > Object.keys(randomColorList).length) {
        // return random color from list
        let keys = Object.keys(randomColorList);
        let randomKey = keys[Math.floor(Math.random() * keys.length)];
        return randomColorList[randomKey];
    } else {
        // return color by index
        let keys = Object.keys(randomColorList);
        return randomColorList[keys[index]];
    }
}

function randomPlaceImagesInCanvas(canvasWidth: number, canvasHeight: number, images: number[][], overlapping: boolean = true) {
    let placedImages: number[][] = [];
    for (let image of images) {
        let [width, height] = image;
        let [x, y] = [Math.floor(Math.random() * (canvasWidth - width)), Math.floor(Math.random() * (canvasHeight - height))];
        let placed = false;
        for (let placedImage of placedImages) {
            let [placedImageX, placedImageY, placedImageWidth, placedImageHeight] = placedImage;
            if (overlapping || isNotOverlap(x, y, width, height, placedImageX, placedImageY, placedImageWidth, placedImageHeight)) {
                placed = true;
            }
        }
        placedImages.push([x, y, placed ? 1 : 0]);
    }
    return placedImages;
}

function getSizeBasedOnRatio(width: number, height: number, ratio: number) {
    return [width * ratio, height];
}

function cartesianProductOfArray(...arrays: any[][]) {
    return arrays.reduce((a, b) => a.flatMap((d: any) => b.map((e: any) => [d, e].flat())));
}

function rotateRectangleAndGetSize(width: number, height: number, angle: number) {
    let radians = angle * Math.PI / 180;
    let cos = Math.abs(Math.cos(radians));
    let sin = Math.abs(Math.sin(radians));
    let newWidth = Math.ceil(width * cos + height * sin);
    let newHeight = Math.ceil(height * cos + width * sin);
    return [newWidth, newHeight];
}

function concurrentlyExecutePromisesWithSize(promises: Promise<any>[], size: number): Promise<void> {
    let promisesToExecute = promises.slice(0, size);
    let promisesToWait = promises.slice(size);
    return Promise.all(promisesToExecute).then(() => {
        if (promisesToWait.length > 0) {
            return concurrentlyExecutePromisesWithSize(promisesToWait, size);
        }
    });
}

function generateRandomRgbColor() {
    return [Math.floor(Math.random() * 256), Math.floor(Math.random() * 256), Math.floor(Math.random() * 256)];
}

function getSizeOfImage(image: Image) {
    return [image.width, image.height];
}

async function makeSureFolderExists(path: string) {
    if (!fs.existsSync(path)) {
        await promises.mkdir(path, { recursive: true });
    }
}

// non repeatly select elements from array
async function randomSelectFromArray<T>(array: T[], count: number) {
    let copied = array.slice();
    let selected: T[] = [];
    for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
        let index = Math.floor(Math.random() * copied.length);
        selected.push(copied[index]);
        copied.splice(index, 1);
    }
    return selected;
}

function getFileNameFromPathWithoutPrefix(path: string) {
    return path.split("/").pop()!.split(".")[0];
}

type Annotion = {
    "image": string,
    "annotions": {
        "label": string,
        "coordinates": {
            "x": number,
            "y": number,
            "width": number,
            "height": number
        }
    }[]
}

async function generateCreateMLFormatOutput(folderPath: string, outputDir: string, imageCountPerFile: number = IMAGE_GENERATED_COUNT_PER_CLASS) {

    if (!fs.existsSync(path.join(folderPath, "real"))) {
        throw new Error("real folder does not exist");
    }

    let realFiles = fs.readdirSync(path.join(folderPath, "real")).map((file) => path.join(folderPath, "real", file));
    let confusionFiles: string[] = [];

    if (fs.existsSync(path.join(folderPath, "confusion"))) {
        confusionFiles = fs.readdirSync(path.join(folderPath, "confusion")).map((file) => path.join(folderPath, "confusion", file));
    }

    // getting files in folder
    let tasks: Promise<void>[] = [];
    let annotions: Annotion[] = [];

    for (let filePath of realFiles) {

        let className = getFileNameFromPathWithoutPrefix(filePath);

        for (let i = 0; i < imageCountPerFile; i++) {

            let annotion: Annotion = {
                "image": `${className}-${i}.jpg`,
                "annotions": []
            };

            async function __task(i: number) {

                let randomCount = Math.random() * MAX_NUMBER_OF_CLASSES_IN_SINGLE_IMAGE;
                randomCount = randomCount > realFiles.length + confusionFiles.length ? realFiles.length + confusionFiles.length : randomCount;
                let selectedFiles = await randomSelectFromArray(realFiles.concat(confusionFiles), randomCount);
                if (selectedFiles.includes(filePath)) {
                    // move filePath to the first
                    selectedFiles.splice(selectedFiles.indexOf(filePath), 1);
                    selectedFiles.unshift(filePath);
                } else {
                    selectedFiles.unshift(filePath);
                }

                console.log(`processing ${filePath} ${i}, selected ${selectedFiles.length} files`);

                let images = await Promise.all(selectedFiles.map(async (filePath) => {
                    let file = await promises.readFile(filePath);
                    let image = new Image();
                    image.src = file;
                    return image;
                }));

                console.log(`processing: ${filePath}, loaded images, start to place images in canvas`);

                let imageSizes = images.map(getSizeOfImage).map( x => {
                    let averageX = CanvasSize[0] / (images.length + 1);
                    let averageY = CanvasSize[1] / (images.length + 1);
                    return [x[0] > averageX ? averageX : x[0], x[1] > averageY ? averageY : x[1]];
                });

                let placedPoints = randomPlaceImagesInCanvas(CANVAS_WIDTH, CANVAS_HEIGHT, imageSizes, false);

                console.log(`processing: ${filePath}, placed images in canvas, start to draw images`);

                let angle = 0;
                let color = generateColor(i);

                let [canvasWidth, canvasHeight] = CanvasSize;
                const canvas = createCanvas(canvasWidth, canvasHeight);
                const ctx = canvas.getContext("2d");

                ctx.fillStyle = color;
                ctx.fillRect(0, 0, canvasWidth, canvasHeight);

                for (let j = 0; j < images.length; j++) {
                    const ctx = canvas.getContext("2d");

                    let ratio = Math.random() * 1.5 + 0.5;

                    let image = images[j];

                    let [_imageWidth, _imageHeight] = imageSizes[j];
                    let [imageWidth, imageHeight] = getSizeBasedOnRatio(_imageWidth, _imageHeight, ratio);

                    let placed = placedPoints[j][2] === 1 ? true : false;
                    if (!placed) {
                        continue;
                    }

                    let targetX = placedPoints[j][0] > imageWidth / 2 ? placedPoints[j][0] : imageWidth / 2;
                    let targetY = placedPoints[j][1] > imageHeight / 2 ? placedPoints[j][1] : imageHeight / 2;

                    let sizeAfterRotatation = rotateRectangleAndGetSize(imageWidth, imageHeight, angle);

                    console.log("final: ", [canvasWidth, canvasHeight], [imageWidth, imageHeight], [targetX, targetY], angle, ratio, color);

                    ctx.translate(targetX, targetY);
                    ctx.rotate(angle * Math.PI / 180);

                    ctx.drawImage(image, -imageWidth / 2, -imageHeight / 2, imageWidth, imageHeight);

                    ctx.rotate(-angle * Math.PI / 180);
                    ctx.translate(-targetX, -targetY);

                    // ctx.fillStyle = "green";
                    // ctx.strokeRect(targetX - sizeAfterRotatation[0] / 2, targetY - sizeAfterRotatation[1] / 2, sizeAfterRotatation[0], sizeAfterRotatation[1]);

                    annotion.annotions.push({
                        "label": getFileNameFromPathWithoutPrefix(selectedFiles[j]),
                        "coordinates": {
                            "x": targetX,
                            "y": targetY,
                            "width": sizeAfterRotatation[0],
                            "height": sizeAfterRotatation[1]
                        }
                    });
                }

                if (!annotion.annotions.length) {
                    return;
                }

                let fileName = path.join(outputDir, `${className}-${i}.jpg`);
                let pngData = await canvas.encode("jpeg");
                await promises.writeFile(fileName, pngData);

                annotions.push(annotion);
            }

            tasks.push(__task(i));

        }

    }

    await concurrentlyExecutePromisesWithSize(tasks, CONCURRENT_PROMISE_SIZE);

    await promises.writeFile(path.join(outputDir, "annotions.json"), JSON.stringify(annotions, null, 4));

}

async function generateYoloFormatOutput(folderPath: string) {
    const annotions = JSON.parse((await promises.readFile(path.join(folderPath, "annotions.json"))).toString("utf-8")) as Annotion[];

    // generate data.yml
    let classes: string[] = [];
    for (let annotion of annotions) {
        for (let label of annotion.annotions.map(a => a.label)) {
            if (!classes.includes(label)) {
                classes.push(label);
            }
        }
    }

    let dataYml = `
train: ./train/images
val: ./valid/images
test: ./test/images

nc: ${classes.length}
names: ${JSON.stringify(classes)}
`
    await promises.writeFile(path.join(folderPath, "data.yml"), dataYml);

    const weights = [0.85, 0.90, 0.95];
    const split = ["train", "valid", "test"];

    let tasks: Promise<void>[] = [];

    async function __task(annotion: Annotion) {
        const randomSeed = Math.random();
        let index = 0;
        for (let i = 0; i < weights.length; i++) {
            if (randomSeed < weights[i]) {
                index = i;
                break;
            }
        }
        let splitFolderName = split[index];
        await makeSureFolderExists(path.join(folderPath, splitFolderName));
        await makeSureFolderExists(path.join(folderPath, splitFolderName, "images"));
        await makeSureFolderExists(path.join(folderPath, splitFolderName, "labels"));

        // get info of image
        let image = await Sharp(path.join(folderPath, annotion.image)).metadata();

        // generate label files
        let line: [number, number, number, number, number][] = []
        for (let i of annotion.annotions) {
            line.push([
                classes.indexOf(i.label),
                i.coordinates.x / image.width!,
                i.coordinates.y / image.height!,
                i.coordinates.width / image.width!,
                i.coordinates.height / image.height!
            ])
        }

        await promises.rename(path.join(folderPath, annotion.image), path.join(folderPath, splitFolderName, "images", annotion.image));
        await promises.writeFile(path.join(folderPath, splitFolderName, "labels", annotion.image.replace(".jpg", ".txt")), line.map(l => l.join(" ")).join("\n"));
    }

    for (let annotion of annotions) {
        tasks.push(__task(annotion));
    }

    await concurrentlyExecutePromisesWithSize(tasks, CONCURRENT_PROMISE_SIZE);

}

(async () => {

    await generateCreateMLFormatOutput("./database", "./output");

    // await generateYoloFormatOutput("./output");

})();

这个脚本的思路大概是将这 40 多张图片随意揉成各种可能的形状，然后选取若干张把它撒在画布上，画布的背景也是随机的，用来模拟足够多的场景。

顺带一说，上面 500MB 这个量级并不是一下子就定好的，而是不断试验，为了更高的准确度一步一步地提高量级。

模型训练

下一步就比较简单了，在 CreateML 上选取你的数据集，然后就可以训练了：

可以看到 CreateML 的 Object Detection 其实是基于 Yolo V2 的，最先进的 Yolo 版本应该是 Yolo V7，但是生态最健全的应该还是 Yolo V5。

在我的 M1 Pro 机器上大概需要训练 10h+，在 Intel 的笔记本上训练时间会更长。整个过程有点像「炼蛊」了，从 500 多 MB 的文件算出一个 80MB 的文件。

模型测试

训练完之后，你可以得到上面「尝鲜」中得到模型文件，大概它拖动任意文件进去，就可以测试模型的效果了：

在 iOS 中使用的模型

官方的 Demo 可以参照这个例子：

https://developer.apple.com/documentation/vision/recognizing_objects_in_live_capture

个人用 SwiftUI 写了一个 Demo：

//
//  ContentView.swift
//  DemoProject
/
//

import SwiftUI
import Vision

class MyVNModel: ObservableObject {

    static let shared: MyVNModel = MyVNModel()

    @Published var parsedModel: VNCoreMLModel? = .none
    var images: [UIImage]? = .none
    var observationList: [[VNObservation]]? = .none

    func applyModelToCgImage(image: CGImage) async throws -> [VNObservation] {
        guard let parsedModel = parsedModel else {
            throw EvaluationError.resourceNotFound("cannot find parsedModel")
        }

        let resp = try await withCheckedThrowingContinuation { (continuation: CheckedContinuation<[VNObservation], Error>) in
            let requestHandler = VNImageRequestHandler(cgImage: image)
            let request = VNCoreMLRequest(model: parsedModel) { request, error in
                if let _ = error {
                    return
                }
                if let results = request.results {
                    continuation.resume(returning: results)
                } else {
                    continuation.resume(throwing: EvaluationError.invalidExpression(
                        "cannot find observations in result"
                    ))
                }
            }
            #if targetEnvironment(simulator)
                request.usesCPUOnly = true
            #endif
            do {
                // Perform the text-recognition request.
                try requestHandler.perform([request])
            } catch {
                continuation.resume(throwing: error)
            }
        }
        return resp
    }

    init() {
        Task(priority: .background) {
            let urlPath = Bundle.main.url(forResource: "genshin2", withExtension: "mlmodelc")
            guard let urlPath = urlPath else {
                print("cannot find file genshin2.mlmodelc")
                return
            }

            let config = MLModelConfiguration()
            let modelResp = await withCheckedContinuation { continuation in
                MLModel.load(contentsOf: urlPath, configuration: config) { result in
                    continuation.resume(returning: result)
                }
            }

            let model = try { () -> MLModel in
                switch modelResp {
                case let .success(m):
                    return m
                case let .failure(err):
                    throw err
                }
            }()

            let parsedModel = try VNCoreMLModel(for: model)
            DispatchQueue.main.async {
                self.parsedModel = parsedModel
            }
        }
    }

}

struct ContentView: View {

    enum SheetType: Identifiable {
        case photo
        case confirm
        var id: SheetType { self }
    }

    @State var showSheet: SheetType? = .none

    @ObservedObject var viewModel: MyVNModel = MyVNModel.shared

    var body: some View {
        VStack {
            Button {
                showSheet = .photo
            } label: {
                Text("Choose Photo")
            }
        }
        .sheet(item: $showSheet) { sheetType in
            switch sheetType {
            case .photo:
                PhotoLibrary(handlePickedImage: { images in

                    guard let images = images else {
                        print("no images is selected")
                        return
                    }

                    var observationList: [[VNObservation]] = []
                    Task {
                        for image in images {

                            guard let cgImage = image.cgImage else {
                                throw EvaluationError.cgImageRetrievalFailure
                            }

                            let result = try await viewModel.applyModelToCgImage(image: cgImage)
                            print("model applied: (result)")

                            observationList.append(result)
                        }

                        DispatchQueue.main.async {
                            viewModel.images = images
                            viewModel.observationList = observationList
                            self.showSheet = .confirm
                        }
                    }

                }, selectionLimit: 1)
            case .confirm:
                if let images = viewModel.images, let observationList = viewModel.observationList {
                    VNObservationConfirmer(imageList: images, observations: observationList, onSubmit: { _,_  in

                    })
                } else {
                    Text("No Images (viewModel.images?.count ?? 0) (viewModel.observationList?.count ?? 0)")
                }

            }

        }
        .padding()
    }
}

struct ContentView_Previews: PreviewProvider {
    static var previews: some View {
        ContentView()
    }
}