python中string模块各属性以及函数的用法介绍

发表于 5年以前  | 总阅读数:301 次

任何语言都离不开字符,那就会涉及对字符的操作,尤其是脚本语言更是频繁,不管是生产环境还是面试考验都要面对字符串的操作。

python的字符串操作通过2部分的方法函数基本上就可以解决所有的字符串操作需求:

• python的字符串属性函数

• python的string模块


**1.字符串属性函数  **

系统版本:CentOS release 6.2 (Final)2.6.32-220.el6.x86_64

python版本:Python 2.6.6

字符串属性方法

字符串格式输出对齐


```

    >>> str='stRINg lEArn'   

    >>>   

    >>> str.center(20)   #生成20个字符长度,str排中间   

    '  stRINg lEArn  '   

    >>>    

    >>> str.ljust(20)    #str左对齐   

    'stRINg lEArn    '    

    >>>   

    >>> str.rjust(20)    #str右对齐   

    '    stRINg lEArn'   

    >>>    

    >>> str.zfill(20)    #str右对齐,左边填充0   

    '00000000stRINg lEArn' 
```

大小写转换


```

    >>> str='stRINg lEArn'    

    >>>    

    >>> str.upper() #转大写   

    'STRING LEARN'   

    >>>    

    >>> str.lower() #转小写   

    'string learn'   

    >>>    

    >>> str.capitalize() #字符串首为大写,其余小写   

    'String learn'   

    >>>    

    >>> str.swapcase() #大小写对换   

    'STrinG LeaRN'   

    >>>    

    >>> str.title() #以分隔符为标记,首字符为大写,其余为小写   

    'String Learn' 

```

字符串条件判断


```

    >>> str='0123' 

    >>> str.isalnum() #是否全是字母和数字,并至少有一个字符 
    True 

    >>> str.isdigit() #是否全是数字,并至少有一个字符 
    True 



    >>> str='abcd' 

    >>> str.isalnum() 

    True 

    >>> str.isalpha() #是否全是字母,并至少有一个字符 
    True 

    >>> str.islower() #是否全是小写,当全是小写和数字一起时候,也判断为True 
    True 



    >>> str='abcd0123' 

    >>> str.islower() #同上 

    True 

    >>> str.isalnum()  

    True 



    >>> str=' ' 

    >>> str.isspace() #是否全是空白字符,并至少有一个字符 
    True 

    >>> str='ABC' 

    >>> str.isupper() #是否全是大写,当全是大写和数字一起时候,也判断为True 
    True 

    >>> str='Abb Acc' 

    >>> str.istitle() #所有单词字首都是大写,标题 
    True 


    >>> str='string learn' 
    >>> str.startswith('str') #判断字符串以'str'开头 
    True 
    >>> str.endswith('arn') #判读字符串以'arn'结尾 
    True

```

字符串搜索定位与替换


```

    >>> str='string lEARn' 

    >>> 

    >>> str.find('a')  #查找字符串,没有则返回-1,有则返回查到到第一个匹配的索引 

    -1 

    >>> str.find('n') 

    4 

    >>> str.rfind('n')  #同上,只是返回的索引是最后一次匹配的 

    11 

    >>> 

    >>> str.index('a')  #如果没有匹配则报错 

    Traceback (most recent call last): 

     File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> 

    ValueError: substring not found 

    >>> str.index('n')  #同find类似,返回第一次匹配的索引值 

    4 

    >>> str.rindex('n') #返回最后一次匹配的索引值 

    11 

    >>> 

    >>> str.count('a')  #字符串中匹配的次数 

    0 

    >>> str.count('n')  #同上 

    2 

    >>> 

    >>> str.replace('EAR','ear') #匹配替换 

    'string learn' 

    >>> str.replace('n','N') 

    'striNg lEARN' 

    >>> str.replace('n','N',1) 

    'striNg lEARn' 

    >>> 

    >>> 

    >>> str.strip('n') #删除字符串首尾匹配的字符,通常用于默认删除回车符 

    'string lEAR' 

    >>> str.lstrip('n') #左匹配 

    'string lEARn' 

    >>> str.rstrip('n') #右匹配 

    'string lEAR' 

    >>> 

    >>> str=' tab' 

    >>> str.expandtabs() #把制表符转为空格 

    '  tab' 

    >>> str.expandtabs(2) #指定空格数 

    ' tab' 

```

字符串编码与解码


```

    >>> str='字符串学习' 

    >>> str 

    'xe5xadx97xe7xacxa6xe4xb8xb2xe5xadxa6xe4xb9xa0' 

    >>> 

    >>> str.decode('utf-8')    #解码过程,将utf-8解码为unicode 

    u'u5b57u7b26u4e32u5b66u4e60' 



    >>> str.decode('utf-8').encode('gbk') #编码过程,将unicode编码为gbk 

    'xd7xd6xb7xfbxb4xaexd1xa7xcfxb0' 

    >>> str.decode('utf-8').encode('utf-8') #将unicode编码为utf-8 

    'xe5xadx97xe7xacxa6xe4xb8xb2xe5xadxa6xe4xb9xa0'

```

字符串分割变换


```

    >>> str='Learn string' 

    >>> '-'.join(str) 

    'L-e-a-r-n- -s-t-r-i-n-g' 

    >>> l1=['Learn','string'] 

    >>> '-'.join(l1) 

    'Learn-string' 

    >>> 

    >>> str.split('n') 

    ['Lear', ' stri', 'g'] 

    >>> str.split('n',1) 

    ['Lear', ' string'] 

    >>> str.rsplit('n',1) 

    ['Learn stri', 'g'] 

    >>> 

    >>> str.splitlines() 

    ['Learn string'] 

    >>> 

    >>> str.partition('n') 

    ('Lear', 'n', ' string') 

    >>> str.rpartition('n') 

    ('Learn stri', 'n', 'g')

```

string模块源代码


```

    """A collection of string operations (most are no longer used).   


    Warning: most of the code you see here isn't normally used nowadays.   

    Beginning with Python 1.6, many of these functions are implemented as   

    methods on the standard string object. They used to be implemented by   

    a built-in module called strop, but strop is now obsolete itself.   


    Public module variables:   


    whitespace -- a string containing all characters considered whitespace   

    lowercase -- a string containing all characters considered lowercase letters   

    uppercase -- a string containing all characters considered uppercase letters   

    letters -- a string containing all characters considered letters   

    digits -- a string containing all characters considered decimal digits   

    hexdigits -- a string containing all characters considered hexadecimal digits   

    octdigits -- a string containing all characters considered octal digits   

    punctuation -- a string containing all characters considered punctuation   

    printable -- a string containing all characters considered printable   


    """   


    # Some strings for ctype-style character classification   

    whitespace = ' tnrvf'   

    lowercase = 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz'   

    uppercase = 'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ'   

    letters = lowercase + uppercase   

    ascii_lowercase = lowercase   

    ascii_uppercase = uppercase   

    ascii_letters = ascii_lowercase + ascii_uppercase   

    digits = '0123456789'   

    hexdigits = digits + 'abcdef' + 'ABCDEF'   

    octdigits = '01234567'   

    punctuation = """!"#$%&'()*+,-./:;<=>?@[]^_`{|}~"""   

    printable = digits + letters + punctuation + whitespace   



    # Case conversion helpers   

    # Use str to convert Unicode literal in case of -U   

    l = map(chr, xrange(256))   

    _idmap = str('').join(l)   

    del l   



    # Functions which aren't available as string methods.   



    # Capitalize the words in a string, e.g. " aBc dEf " -> "Abc Def".   

    def capwords(s, sep=None):   

      """capwords(s [,sep]) -> string   


      Split the argument into words using split, capitalize each   

      word using capitalize, and join the capitalized words using   

      join. If the optional second argument sep is absent or None,   

      runs of whitespace characters are replaced by a single space   

      and leading and trailing whitespace are removed, otherwise   

      sep is used to split and join the words.   


      """   

      return (sep or ' ').join(x.capitalize() for x in s.split(sep))   


    # Construct a translation string   

    _idmapL = None   

    def maketrans(fromstr, tostr):   

      """maketrans(frm, to) -> string   


      Return a translation table (a string of 256 bytes long)   

      suitable for use in string.translate. The strings frm and to   

      must be of the same length.   


      """   

      if len(fromstr) != len(tostr):   

        raise ValueError, "maketrans arguments must have same length"   

      global _idmapL   

      if not _idmapL:   

        _idmapL = list(_idmap)   

      L = _idmapL[:]   

      fromstr = map(ord, fromstr)   

      for i in range(len(fromstr)):   

        L[fromstr[i]] = tostr[i]   

      return ''.join(L)   



    ####################################################################   

    import re as _re   


    class _multimap:   

      """Helper class for combining multiple mappings.   



      Used by .{safe_,}substitute() to combine the mapping and keyword   

      arguments.   

      """   

      def __init__(self, primary, secondary):   

        self._primary = primary   

        self._secondary = secondary   



      def __getitem__(self, key):   

        try:   

          return self._primary[key]   

        except KeyError:   

          return self._secondary[key]   



    class _TemplateMetaclass(type):   

      pattern = r"""   

      %(delim)s(?:   

       (?P<escaped>%(delim)s) | # Escape sequence of two delimiters   

       (?P<named>%(id)s) | # delimiter and a Python identifier   

       {(?P<braced>%(id)s)} | # delimiter and a braced identifier   

       (?P<invalid>) # Other ill-formed delimiter exprs   

      )   

      """   


      def __init__(cls, name, bases, dct):   

        super(_TemplateMetaclass, cls).__init__(name, bases, dct)   

        if 'pattern' in dct:   

          pattern = cls.pattern   

        else:   

          pattern = _TemplateMetaclass.pattern % {   

            'delim' : _re.escape(cls.delimiter),   

            'id' : cls.idpattern,   

            }   

        cls.pattern = _re.compile(pattern, _re.IGNORECASE | _re.VERBOSE)   



    class Template:   

      """A string class for supporting $-substitutions."""   

      __metaclass__ = _TemplateMetaclass   



      delimiter = '$'   

      idpattern = r'[_a-z][_a-z0-9]*'   



      def __init__(self, template):   

        self.template = template   



      # Search for $$, $identifier, ${identifier}, and any bare $'s   



      def _invalid(self, mo):   

        i = mo.start('invalid')   

        lines = self.template[:i].splitlines(True)   

        if not lines:   

          colno = 1   

          lineno = 1   

        else:   

          colno = i - len(''.join(lines[:-1]))   

          lineno = len(lines)   

        raise ValueError('Invalid placeholder in string: line %d, col %d' %   

                 (lineno, colno))   



      def substitute(self, *args, **kws):   

        if len(args) > 1:   

          raise TypeError('Too many positional arguments')   

        if not args:   

          mapping = kws   

        elif kws:   

          mapping = _multimap(kws, args[0])   

        else:   

          mapping = args[0]   

        # Helper function for .sub()   

        def convert(mo):   

          # Check the most common path first.   

          named = mo.group('named') or mo.group('braced')   

          if named is not None:   

            val = mapping[named]   

            # We use this idiom instead of str() because the latter will   

            # fail if val is a Unicode containing non-ASCII characters.   

            return '%s' % (val,)   

          if mo.group('escaped') is not None:   

            return self.delimiter   

          if mo.group('invalid') is not None:   

            self._invalid(mo)   

          raise ValueError('Unrecognized named group in pattern',   

                   self.pattern)   

        return self.pattern.sub(convert, self.template)   



      def safe_substitute(self, *args, **kws):   

        if len(args) > 1:   

          raise TypeError('Too many positional arguments')   

        if not args:   

          mapping = kws   

        elif kws:   

          mapping = _multimap(kws, args[0])   

        else:   

          mapping = args[0]   

        # Helper function for .sub()   

        def convert(mo):   

          named = mo.group('named')   

          if named is not None:   

            try:   

              # We use this idiom instead of str() because the latter   

              # will fail if val is a Unicode containing non-ASCII   

              return '%s' % (mapping[named],)   

            except KeyError:   

              return self.delimiter + named   

          braced = mo.group('braced')   

          if braced is not None:   

            try:   

              return '%s' % (mapping[braced],)   

            except KeyError:   

              return self.delimiter + '{' + braced + '}'   

          if mo.group('escaped') is not None:   

            return self.delimiter   

          if mo.group('invalid') is not None:   

            return self.delimiter   

          raise ValueError('Unrecognized named group in pattern',   

                   self.pattern)   

        return self.pattern.sub(convert, self.template)   







    ####################################################################   

    # NOTE: Everything below here is deprecated. Use string methods instead.   

    # This stuff will go away in Python 3.0.   



    # Backward compatible names for exceptions   

    index_error = ValueError   

    atoi_error = ValueError   

    atof_error = ValueError   

    atol_error = ValueError   



    # convert UPPER CASE letters to lower case   

    def lower(s):   

      """lower(s) -> string   



      Return a copy of the string s converted to lowercase.   



      """   

      return s.lower()   



    # Convert lower case letters to UPPER CASE   

    def upper(s):   

      """upper(s) -> string   



      Return a copy of the string s converted to uppercase.   



      """   

      return s.upper()   



    # Swap lower case letters and UPPER CASE   

    def swapcase(s):   

      """swapcase(s) -> string   



      Return a copy of the string s with upper case characters   

      converted to lowercase and vice versa.   



      """   

      return s.swapcase()   



    # Strip leading and trailing tabs and spaces   

    def strip(s, chars=None):   

      """strip(s [,chars]) -> string   



      Return a copy of the string s with leading and trailing   

      whitespace removed.   

      If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.   

      If chars is unicode, S will be converted to unicode before stripping.   



      """   

      return s.strip(chars)   



    # Strip leading tabs and spaces   

    def lstrip(s, chars=None):   

      """lstrip(s [,chars]) -> string   



      Return a copy of the string s with leading whitespace removed.   

      If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.   



      """   

      return s.lstrip(chars)   



    # Strip trailing tabs and spaces   

    def rstrip(s, chars=None):   

      """rstrip(s [,chars]) -> string   



      Return a copy of the string s with trailing whitespace removed.   

      If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.   



      """   

      return s.rstrip(chars)   





    # Split a string into a list of space/tab-separated words   

    def split(s, sep=None, maxsplit=-1):   

      """split(s [,sep [,maxsplit]]) -> list of strings   



      Return a list of the words in the string s, using sep as the   

      delimiter string. If maxsplit is given, splits at no more than   

      maxsplit places (resulting in at most maxsplit+1 words). If sep   

      is not specified or is None, any whitespace string is a separator.   



      (split and splitfields are synonymous)   



      """   

      return s.split(sep, maxsplit)   

    splitfields = split   



    # Split a string into a list of space/tab-separated words   

    def rsplit(s, sep=None, maxsplit=-1):   

      """rsplit(s [,sep [,maxsplit]]) -> list of strings   



      Return a list of the words in the string s, using sep as the   

      delimiter string, starting at the end of the string and working   

      to the front. If maxsplit is given, at most maxsplit splits are   

      done. If sep is not specified or is None, any whitespace string   

      is a separator.   

      """   

      return s.rsplit(sep, maxsplit)   



    # Join fields with optional separator   

    def join(words, sep = ' '):   

      """join(list [,sep]) -> string   



      Return a string composed of the words in list, with   

      intervening occurrences of sep. The default separator is a   

      single space.   



      (joinfields and join are synonymous)   



      """   

      return sep.join(words)   

    joinfields = join   



    # Find substring, raise exception if not found   

    def index(s, *args):   

      """index(s, sub [,start [,end]]) -> int   



      Like find but raises ValueError when the substring is not found.   



      """   

      return s.index(*args)   



    # Find last substring, raise exception if not found   

    def rindex(s, *args):   

      """rindex(s, sub [,start [,end]]) -> int   



      Like rfind but raises ValueError when the substring is not found.   



      """   

      return s.rindex(*args)   



    # Count non-overlapping occurrences of substring   

    def count(s, *args):   

      """count(s, sub[, start[,end]]) -> int   



      Return the number of occurrences of substring sub in string   

      s[start:end]. Optional arguments start and end are   

      interpreted as in slice notation.   



      """   

      return s.count(*args)   



    # Find substring, return -1 if not found   

    def find(s, *args):   

      """find(s, sub [,start [,end]]) -> in   



      Return the lowest index in s where substring sub is found,   

      such that sub is contained within s[start,end]. Optional   

      arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.   



      Return -1 on failure.   



      """   

      return s.find(*args)   



    # Find last substring, return -1 if not found   

    def rfind(s, *args):   

      """rfind(s, sub [,start [,end]]) -> int   



      Return the highest index in s where substring sub is found,   

      such that sub is contained within s[start,end]. Optional   

      arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.   



      Return -1 on failure.   



      """   

      return s.rfind(*args)   



    # for a bit of speed   

    _float = float   

    _int = int   

    _long = long   



    # Convert string to float   

    def atof(s):   

      """atof(s) -> float   



      Return the floating point number represented by the string s.   



      """   

      return _float(s)   





    # Convert string to integer   

    def atoi(s , base=10):   

      """atoi(s [,base]) -> int   



      Return the integer represented by the string s in the given   

      base, which defaults to 10. The string s must consist of one   

      or more digits, possibly preceded by a sign. If base is 0, it   

      is chosen from the leading characters of s, 0 for octal, 0x or   

      0X for hexadecimal. If base is 16, a preceding 0x or 0X is   

      accepted.   



      """   

      return _int(s, base)   





    # Convert string to long integer   

    def atol(s, base=10):   

      """atol(s [,base]) -> long   



      Return the long integer represented by the string s in the   

      given base, which defaults to 10. The string s must consist   

      of one or more digits, possibly preceded by a sign. If base   

      is 0, it is chosen from the leading characters of s, 0 for   

      octal, 0x or 0X for hexadecimal. If base is 16, a preceding   

      0x or 0X is accepted. A trailing L or l is not accepted,   

      unless base is 0.   



      """   

      return _long(s, base)   





    # Left-justify a string   

    def ljust(s, width, *args):   

      """ljust(s, width[, fillchar]) -> string   



      Return a left-justified version of s, in a field of the   

      specified width, padded with spaces as needed. The string is   

      never truncated. If specified the fillchar is used instead of spaces.   



      """   

      return s.ljust(width, *args)   



    # Right-justify a string   

    def rjust(s, width, *args):   

      """rjust(s, width[, fillchar]) -> string   



      Return a right-justified version of s, in a field of the   

      specified width, padded with spaces as needed. The string is   

      never truncated. If specified the fillchar is used instead of spaces.   



      """   

      return s.rjust(width, *args)   



    # Center a string   

    def center(s, width, *args):   

      """center(s, width[, fillchar]) -> string   



      Return a center version of s, in a field of the specified   

      width. padded with spaces as needed. The string is never   

      truncated. If specified the fillchar is used instead of spaces.   



      """   

      return s.center(width, *args)   



    # Zero-fill a number, e.g., (12, 3) --> '012' and (-3, 3) --> '-03'   

    # Decadent feature: the argument may be a string or a number   

    # (Use of this is deprecated; it should be a string as with ljust c.s.)   

    def zfill(x, width):   

      """zfill(x, width) -> string   



      Pad a numeric string x with zeros on the left, to fill a field   

      of the specified width. The string x is never truncated.   



      """   

      if not isinstance(x, basestring):   

        x = repr(x)   

      return x.zfill(width)   



    # Expand tabs in a string.   

    # Doesn't take non-printing chars into account, but does understand n.   

    def expandtabs(s, tabsize=8):   

      """expandtabs(s [,tabsize]) -> string   



      Return a copy of the string s with all tab characters replaced   

      by the appropriate number of spaces, depending on the current   

      column, and the tabsize (default 8).   



      """   

      return s.expandtabs(tabsize)   



    # Character translation through look-up table.   

    def translate(s, table, deletions=""):   

      """translate(s,table [,deletions]) -> string   



      Return a copy of the string s, where all characters occurring   

      in the optional argument deletions are removed, and the   

      remaining characters have been mapped through the given   

      translation table, which must be a string of length 256. The   

      deletions argument is not allowed for Unicode strings.   



      """   

      if deletions or table is None:   

        return s.translate(table, deletions)   

      else:   

        # Add s[:0] so that if s is Unicode and table is an 8-bit string,   

        # table is converted to Unicode. This means that table *cannot*   

        # be a dictionary -- for that feature, use u.translate() directly.   

        return s.translate(table + s[:0])   



    # Capitalize a string, e.g. "aBc dEf" -> "Abc def".   

    def capitalize(s):   

      """capitalize(s) -> string   



      Return a copy of the string s with only its first character   

      capitalized.   



      """   

      return s.capitalize()   



    # Substring replacement (global)   

    def replace(s, old, new, maxsplit=-1):   

      """replace (str, old, new[, maxsplit]) -> string   



      Return a copy of string str with all occurrences of substring   

      old replaced by new. If the optional argument maxsplit is   

      given, only the first maxsplit occurrences are replaced.   



      """   

      return s.replace(old, new, maxsplit)   





    # Try importing optional built-in module "strop" -- if it exists,   

    # it redefines some string operations that are 100-1000 times faster.   

    # It also defines values for whitespace, lowercase and uppercase   

    # that match <ctype.h>'s definitions.   



    try:   

      from strop import maketrans, lowercase, uppercase, whitespace   

      letters = lowercase + uppercase   

    except ImportError:   

      pass # Use the original versions   



    ########################################################################   

    # the Formatter class   

    # see PEP 3101 for details and purpose of this class   



    # The hard parts are reused from the C implementation. They're exposed as "_"   

    # prefixed methods of str and unicode.   



    # The overall parser is implemented in str._formatter_parser.   

    # The field name parser is implemented in str._formatter_field_name_split   



    class Formatter(object):   

      def format(self, format_string, *args, **kwargs):   

        return self.vformat(format_string, args, kwargs)   



      def vformat(self, format_string, args, kwargs):   

        used_args = set()   

        result = self._vformat(format_string, args, kwargs, used_args, 2)   

        self.check_unused_args(used_args, args, kwargs)   

        return result   



      def _vformat(self, format_string, args, kwargs, used_args, recursion_depth):   

        if recursion_depth < 0:   

          raise ValueError('Max string recursion exceeded')   

        result = []   

        for literal_text, field_name, format_spec, conversion in    

            self.parse(format_string):   



          # output the literal text   

          if literal_text:   

            result.append(literal_text)   



          # if there's a field, output it   

          if field_name is not None:   

            # this is some markup, find the object and do   

            # the formatting   



            # given the field_name, find the object it references   

            # and the argument it came from   

            obj, arg_used = self.get_field(field_name, args, kwargs)   

            used_args.add(arg_used)   



            # do any conversion on the resulting object   

            obj = self.convert_field(obj, conversion)   



            # expand the format spec, if needed   

            format_spec = self._vformat(format_spec, args, kwargs,   

                          used_args, recursion_depth-1)   



            # format the object and append to the result   

            result.append(self.format_field(obj, format_spec))   



        return ''.join(result)   





      def get_value(self, key, args, kwargs):   

        if isinstance(key, (int, long)):   

          return args[key]   

        else:   

          return kwargs[key]   





      def check_unused_args(self, used_args, args, kwargs):   

        pass   





      def format_field(self, value, format_spec):   

        return format(value, format_spec)   





      def convert_field(self, value, conversion):   

        # do any conversion on the resulting object   

        if conversion == 'r':   

          return repr(value)   

        elif conversion == 's':   

          return str(value)   

        elif conversion is None:   

          return value   

        raise ValueError("Unknown converion specifier {0!s}".format(conversion))   





      # returns an iterable that contains tuples of the form:   

      # (literal_text, field_name, format_spec, conversion)   

      # literal_text can be zero length   

      # field_name can be None, in which case there's no   

      # object to format and output   

      # if field_name is not None, it is looked up, formatted   

      # with format_spec and conversion and then used   

      def parse(self, format_string):   

        return format_string._formatter_parser()   





      # given a field_name, find the object it references.   

      # field_name: the field being looked up, e.g. "0.name"   

      # or "lookup[3]"   

      # used_args: a set of which args have been used   

      # args, kwargs: as passed in to vformat   

      def get_field(self, field_name, args, kwargs):   

        first, rest = field_name._formatter_field_name_split()   



        obj = self.get_value(first, args, kwargs)   



        # loop through the rest of the field_name, doing   

        # getattr or getitem as needed   

        for is_attr, i in rest:   

          if is_attr:   

            obj = getattr(obj, i)   

          else:   

            obj = obj[i]   



        return obj, first 
```

以上这篇python中string模块各属性以及函数的用法介绍就是小编分享给大家的全部内容了,希望能给大家一个参考,也希望大家多多支持脚本之家。
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