python实现多线程抓取知乎用户

需要用到的包：

beautifulsoup4
html5lib
image
requests
redis
PyMySQL

pip安装所有依赖包：

pip install \
Image \
requests \
beautifulsoup4 \
html5lib \
redis \
PyMySQL

运行环境需要支持中文

测试运行环境python3.5，不保证其他运行环境能完美运行

需要安装mysql和redis

配置 config.ini 文件，设置好mysql和redis，并且填写你的知乎帐号

向数据库导入 init.sql

Run

开始抓取数据: python get_user.py
查看抓取数量: python check_redis.py

效果

总体思路

1.首先是模拟登陆知乎，利用保存登陆的cookie信息
2.抓取知乎页面的html代码，留待下一步继续进行分析提取信息
3.分析提取页面中用户的个性化url，放入redis（这里特别说明一下redis的思路用法，将提取到的用户的个性化url放入redis的一个名为already_get_user的hash table，表示已抓取的用户，对于已抓取过的用户判断是否存在于already_get_user以去除重复抓取，同时将个性化url放入user_queue的队列中，需要抓取新用户时pop队列获取新的用户）
4.获取用户的关注列表和粉丝列表，继续插入到redis
5.从redis的user_queue队列中获取新用户继续重复步骤3

模拟登陆知乎

首先是登陆，登陆功能作为一个包封装了在login里面，方便整合调用

header部分，这里Connection最好设为close，不然可能会碰到max retireve exceed的错误
原因在于普通的连接是keep-alive的但是却又没有关闭

    # http请求的header
    headers = {
      "User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/53.0.2785.143 Safari/537.36",
      "Accept": "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,*/*;q=0.8",
      "Host": "www.zhihu.com",
      "Referer": "https://www.zhihu.com/",
      "Origin": "https://www.zhihu.com/",
      "Upgrade-Insecure-Requests": "1",
      "Content-Type": "application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=UTF-8",
      "Pragma": "no-cache",
      "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate, br",
      'Connection': 'close'
    }

    # 验证是否登陆
    def check_login(self):
      check_url = 'https://www.zhihu.com/settings/profile'
      try:
        login_check = self.__session.get(check_url, headers=self.headers, timeout=35)
      except Exception as err:
        print(traceback.print_exc())
        print(err)
        print("验证登陆失败，请检查网络")
        sys.exit()
      print("验证登陆的http status code为：" + str(login_check.status_code))
      if int(login_check.status_code) == 200:
        return True
      else:
        return False

进入首页查看http状态码来验证是否登陆，200为已经登陆，一般304就是被重定向所以就是没有登陆

    # 获取验证码
    def get_captcha(self):
      t = str(time.time() * 1000)
      captcha_url = 'http://www.zhihu.com/captcha.gif?r=' + t + "&type;=login"
      r = self.__session.get(captcha_url, headers=self.headers, timeout=35)
      with open('captcha.jpg', 'wb') as f:
        f.write(r.content)
        f.close()
        # 用pillow 的 Image 显示验证码
        # 如果没有安装 pillow 到源代码所在的目录去找到验证码然后手动输入
      '''try:
        im = Image.open('captcha.jpg')
        im.show()
        im.close()
      except:'''
      print(u'请到 %s 目录找到captcha.jpg 手动输入' % os.path.abspath('captcha.jpg'))
      captcha = input("请输入验证码\n>")
      return captcha

获取验证码的方法。当登录次数太多有可能会要求输入验证码，这里实现这个功能

    # 获取xsrf
    def get_xsrf(self):
      index_url = 'http://www.zhihu.com'
      # 获取登录时需要用到的_xsrf
      try:
        index_page = self.__session.get(index_url, headers=self.headers, timeout=35)
      except:
        print('获取知乎页面失败，请检查网络连接')
        sys.exit()
      html = index_page.text
      # 这里的_xsrf 返回的是一个list
      BS = BeautifulSoup(html, 'html.parser')
      xsrf_input = BS.find(attrs={'name': '_xsrf'})
      pattern = r'value=\"(.*?)\"'
      print(xsrf_input)
      self.__xsrf = re.findall(pattern, str(xsrf_input))
      return self.__xsrf[0]

获取xsrf，为什么要获取xsrf呢，因为xsrf是一种防止跨站攻击的手段，具体介绍可以看这里csrf
在获取到xsrf之后把xsrf存入cookie当中，并且在调用api的时候带上xsrf作为头部，不然的话知乎会返回403

    # 进行模拟登陆
    def do_login(self):
      try:
        # 模拟登陆
        if self.check_login():
          print('您已经登录')
          return
        else:
          if self.config.get("zhihu_account", "username") and self.config.get("zhihu_account", "password"):
            self.username = self.config.get("zhihu_account", "username")
            self.password = self.config.get("zhihu_account", "password")
          else:
            self.username = input('请输入你的用户名\n> ')
            self.password = input("请输入你的密码\n> ")
      except Exception as err:
        print(traceback.print_exc())
        print(err)
        sys.exit()
      if re.match(r"^1\d{10}$", self.username):
        print("手机登陆\n")
        post_url = 'http://www.zhihu.com/login/phone_num'
        postdata = {
          '_xsrf': self.get_xsrf(),
          'password': self.password,
          'remember_me': 'true',
          'phone_num': self.username,
        }
      else:
        print("邮箱登陆\n")
        post_url = 'http://www.zhihu.com/login/email'
        postdata = {
          '_xsrf': self.get_xsrf(),
          'password': self.password,
          'remember_me': 'true',
          'email': self.username,
        }
      try:
        login_page = self.__session.post(post_url, postdata, headers=self.headers, timeout=35)
        login_text = json.loads(login_page.text.encode('latin-1').decode('unicode-escape'))
        print(postdata)
        print(login_text)
        # 需要输入验证码 r = 0为登陆成功代码
        if login_text['r'] == 1:
          sys.exit()
      except:
        postdata['captcha'] = self.get_captcha()
        login_page = self.__session.post(post_url, postdata, headers=self.headers, timeout=35)
        print(json.loads(login_page.text.encode('latin-1').decode('unicode-escape')))
      # 保存登陆cookie
      self.__session.cookies.save()

这个就是核心的登陆功能啦，非常关键的就是用到了requests库，非常方便的保存到session
我们这里全局都是用单例模式，统一使用同一个requests.session对象进行访问功能，保持登录状态的一致性

最后主要调用登陆的代码为

    # 创建login对象
    lo = login.login.Login(self.session)
    # 模拟登陆
    if lo.check_login():
      print('您已经登录')
    else:
      if self.config.get("zhihu_account", "username") and self.config.get("zhihu_account", "username"):
        username = self.config.get("zhihu_account", "username")
        password = self.config.get("zhihu_account", "password")
      else:
        username = input('请输入你的用户名\n> ')
        password = input("请输入你的密码\n> ")
      lo.do_login(username, password)

知乎模拟登陆到此就完成啦

知乎用户抓取

    def __init__(self, threadID=1, name=''):
      # 多线程
      print("线程" + str(threadID) + "初始化")
      threading.Thread.__init__(self)
      self.threadID = threadID
      self.name = name
      try:
        print("线程" + str(threadID) + "初始化成功")
      except Exception as err:
        print(err)
        print("线程" + str(threadID) + "开启失败")
      self.threadLock = threading.Lock()
      # 获取配置
      self.config = configparser.ConfigParser()
      self.config.read("config.ini")
      # 初始化session
      requests.adapters.DEFAULT_RETRIES = 5
      self.session = requests.Session()
      self.session.cookies = cookielib.LWPCookieJar(filename='cookie')
      self.session.keep_alive = False
      try:
        self.session.cookies.load(ignore_discard=True)
      except:
        print('Cookie 未能加载')
      finally:
        pass
      # 创建login对象
      lo = Login(self.session)
      lo.do_login()
      # 初始化redis连接
      try:
        redis_host = self.config.get("redis", "host")
        redis_port = self.config.get("redis", "port")
        self.redis_con = redis.Redis(host=redis_host, port=redis_port, db=0)
        # 刷新redis库
        # self.redis_con.flushdb()
      except:
        print("请安装redis或检查redis连接配置")
        sys.exit()
      # 初始化数据库连接
      try:
        db_host = self.config.get("db", "host")
        db_port = int(self.config.get("db", "port"))
        db_user = self.config.get("db", "user")
        db_pass = self.config.get("db", "password")
        db_db = self.config.get("db", "db")
        db_charset = self.config.get("db", "charset")
        self.db = pymysql.connect(host=db_host, port=db_port, user=db_user, passwd=db_pass, db=db_db,
                     charset=db_charset)
        self.db_cursor = self.db.cursor()
      except:
        print("请检查数据库配置")
        sys.exit()
      # 初始化系统设置
      self.max_queue_len = int(self.config.get("sys", "max_queue_len"))

这个是get_user.py的构造函数，主要功能就是初始化mysql连接、redis连接、验证登陆、生成全局的session对象、导入系统配置、开启多线程。

    # 获取首页html
    def get_index_page(self):
      index_url = 'https://www.zhihu.com/'
      try:
        index_html = self.session.get(index_url, headers=self.headers, timeout=35)
      except Exception as err:
        # 出现异常重试
        print("获取页面失败，正在重试......")
        print(err)
        traceback.print_exc()
        return None
      finally:
        pass
      return index_html.text
    # 获取单个用户详情页面
    def get_user_page(self, name_url):
      user_page_url = 'https://www.zhihu.com' + str(name_url) + '/about'
      try:
        index_html = self.session.get(user_page_url, headers=self.headers, timeout=35)
      except Exception as err:
        # 出现异常重试
        print("失败name_url：" + str(name_url) + "获取页面失败，放弃该用户")
        print(err)
        traceback.print_exc()
        return None
      finally:
        pass
      return index_html.text
    # 获取粉丝页面
    def get_follower_page(self, name_url):
      user_page_url = 'https://www.zhihu.com' + str(name_url) + '/followers'
      try:
        index_html = self.session.get(user_page_url, headers=self.headers, timeout=35)
      except Exception as err:
        # 出现异常重试
        print("失败name_url：" + str(name_url) + "获取页面失败，放弃该用户")
        print(err)
        traceback.print_exc()
        return None
      finally:
        pass
      return index_html.text
    def get_following_page(self, name_url):
      user_page_url = 'https://www.zhihu.com' + str(name_url) + '/followers'
      try:
        index_html = self.session.get(user_page_url, headers=self.headers, timeout=35)
      except Exception as err:
        # 出现异常重试
        print("失败name_url：" + str(name_url) + "获取页面失败，放弃该用户")
        print(err)
        traceback.print_exc()
        return None
      finally:
        pass
      return index_html.text
    # 获取首页上的用户列表，存入redis
    def get_index_page_user(self):
      index_html = self.get_index_page()
      if not index_html:
        return
      BS = BeautifulSoup(index_html, "html.parser")
      self.get_xsrf(index_html)
      user_a = BS.find_all("a", class_="author-link") # 获取用户的a标签
      for a in user_a:
        if a:
          self.add_wait_user(a.get('href'))
        else:
          continue

这一部分的代码就是用于抓取各个页面的html代码

    # 加入带抓取用户队列，先用redis判断是否已被抓取过
    def add_wait_user(self, name_url):
      # 判断是否已抓取
      self.threadLock.acquire()
      if not self.redis_con.hexists('already_get_user', name_url):
        self.counter += 1
        print(name_url + " 加入队列")
        self.redis_con.hset('already_get_user', name_url, 1)
        self.redis_con.lpush('user_queue', name_url)
        print("添加用户 " + name_url + "到队列")
      self.threadLock.release()
    # 获取页面出错移出redis
    def del_already_user(self, name_url):
      self.threadLock.acquire()
      if not self.redis_con.hexists('already_get_user', name_url):
        self.counter -= 1
        self.redis_con.hdel('already_get_user', name_url)
      self.threadLock.release()

用户加入redis的操作，在数据库插入出错时我们调用del_already_user删除插入出错的用户

    # 分析粉丝页面获取用户的所有粉丝用户
    # @param follower_page get_follower_page()中获取到的页面，这里获取用户hash_id请求粉丝接口获取粉丝信息
    def get_all_follower(self, name_url):
      follower_page = self.get_follower_page(name_url)
      # 判断是否获取到页面
      if not follower_page:
        return
      BS = BeautifulSoup(follower_page, 'html.parser')
      # 获取关注者数量
      follower_num = int(BS.find('span', text='关注者').find_parent().find('strong').get_text())
      # 获取用户的hash_id
      hash_id = \
        json.loads(BS.select("#zh-profile-follows-list")[0].select(".zh-general-list")[0].get('data-init'))[
          'params'][
          'hash_id']
      # 获取关注者列表
      self.get_xsrf(follower_page) # 获取xsrf
      post_url = 'https://www.zhihu.com/node/ProfileFollowersListV2'
      # 开始获取所有的关注者 math.ceil(follower_num/20)*20
      for i in range(0, math.ceil(follower_num / 20) * 20, 20):
        post_data = {
          'method': 'next',
          'params': json.dumps({"offset": i, "order_by": "created", "hash_id": hash_id})
        }
        try:
          j = self.session.post(post_url, params=post_data, headers=self.headers, timeout=35).text.encode(
            'latin-1').decode(
            'unicode-escape')
          pattern = re.compile(r"class=\"zm-item-link-avatar\"[^\"]*\"([^\"]*)", re.DOTALL)
          j = pattern.findall(j)
          for user in j:
            user = user.replace('\\', '')
            self.add_wait_user(user) # 保存到redis
        except Exception as err:
          print("获取正在关注失败")
          print(err)
          traceback.print_exc()
          pass
    # 获取正在关注列表
    def get_all_following(self, name_url):
      following_page = self.get_following_page(name_url)
      # 判断是否获取到页面
      if not following_page:
        return
      BS = BeautifulSoup(following_page, 'html.parser')
      # 获取关注者数量
      following_num = int(BS.find('span', text='关注了').find_parent().find('strong').get_text())
      # 获取用户的hash_id
      hash_id = \
        json.loads(BS.select("#zh-profile-follows-list")[0].select(".zh-general-list")[0].get('data-init'))[
          'params'][
          'hash_id']
      # 获取关注者列表
      self.get_xsrf(following_page) # 获取xsrf
      post_url = 'https://www.zhihu.com/node/ProfileFolloweesListV2'
      # 开始获取所有的关注者 math.ceil(follower_num/20)*20
      for i in range(0, math.ceil(following_num / 20) * 20, 20):
        post_data = {
          'method': 'next',
          'params': json.dumps({"offset": i, "order_by": "created", "hash_id": hash_id})
        }
        try:
          j = self.session.post(post_url, params=post_data, headers=self.headers, timeout=35).text.encode(
            'latin-1').decode(
            'unicode-escape')
          pattern = re.compile(r"class=\"zm-item-link-avatar\"[^\"]*\"([^\"]*)", re.DOTALL)
          j = pattern.findall(j)
          for user in j:
            user = user.replace('\\', '')
            self.add_wait_user(user) # 保存到redis
        except Exception as err:
          print("获取正在关注失败")
          print(err)
          traceback.print_exc()
          pass

调用知乎的API，获取所有的关注用户列表和粉丝用户列表，递归获取用户
这里需要注意的是头部要记得带上xsrf不然会抛出403

    # 分析about页面，获取用户详细资料
    def get_user_info(self, name_url):
      about_page = self.get_user_page(name_url)
      # 判断是否获取到页面
      if not about_page:
        print("获取用户详情页面失败，跳过，name_url：" + name_url)
        return
      self.get_xsrf(about_page)
      BS = BeautifulSoup(about_page, 'html.parser')
      # 获取页面的具体数据
      try:
        nickname = BS.find("a", class_="name").get_text() if BS.find("a", class_="name") else ''
        user_type = name_url[1:name_url.index('/', 1)]
        self_domain = name_url[name_url.index('/', 1) + 1:]
        gender = 2 if BS.find("i", class_="icon icon-profile-female") else (1 if BS.find("i", class_="icon icon-profile-male") else 3)
        follower_num = int(BS.find('span', text='关注者').find_parent().find('strong').get_text())
        following_num = int(BS.find('span', text='关注了').find_parent().find('strong').get_text())
        agree_num = int(re.findall(r'<strong>(.*)</strong>.*赞同', about_page)[0])
        appreciate_num = int(re.findall(r'<strong>(.*)</strong>.*感谢', about_page)[0])
        star_num = int(re.findall(r'<strong>(.*)</strong>.*收藏', about_page)[0])
        share_num = int(re.findall(r'<strong>(.*)</strong>.*分享', about_page)[0])
        browse_num = int(BS.find_all("span", class_="zg-gray-normal")[2].find("strong").get_text())
        trade = BS.find("span", class_="business item").get('title') if BS.find("span",
                                           class_="business item") else ''
        company = BS.find("span", class_="employment item").get('title') if BS.find("span",
                                             class_="employment item") else ''
        school = BS.find("span", class_="education item").get('title') if BS.find("span",
                                            class_="education item") else ''
        major = BS.find("span", class_="education-extra item").get('title') if BS.find("span",
                                               class_="education-extra item") else ''
        job = BS.find("span", class_="position item").get_text() if BS.find("span",
                                          class_="position item") else ''
        location = BS.find("span", class_="location item").get('title') if BS.find("span",
                                             class_="location item") else ''
        description = BS.find("div", class_="bio ellipsis").get('title') if BS.find("div",
                                              class_="bio ellipsis") else ''
        ask_num = int(BS.find_all("a", class_='item')[1].find("span").get_text()) if \
          BS.find_all("a", class_='item')[
            1] else int(0)
        answer_num = int(BS.find_all("a", class_='item')[2].find("span").get_text()) if \
          BS.find_all("a", class_='item')[
            2] else int(0)
        article_num = int(BS.find_all("a", class_='item')[3].find("span").get_text()) if \
          BS.find_all("a", class_='item')[3] else int(0)
        collect_num = int(BS.find_all("a", class_='item')[4].find("span").get_text()) if \
          BS.find_all("a", class_='item')[4] else int(0)
        public_edit_num = int(BS.find_all("a", class_='item')[5].find("span").get_text()) if \
          BS.find_all("a", class_='item')[5] else int(0)
        replace_data = \
          (pymysql.escape_string(name_url), nickname, self_domain, user_type,
           gender, follower_num, following_num, agree_num, appreciate_num, star_num, share_num, browse_num,
           trade, company, school, major, job, location, pymysql.escape_string(description),
           ask_num, answer_num, article_num, collect_num, public_edit_num)
        replace_sql = '''REPLACE INTO
               user(url,nickname,self_domain,user_type,
               gender, follower,following,agree_num,appreciate_num,star_num,share_num,browse_num,
               trade,company,school,major,job,location,description,
               ask_num,answer_num,article_num,collect_num,public_edit_num)
               VALUES(%s,%s,%s,%s,
               %s,%s,%s,%s,%s,%s,%s,%s,
               %s,%s,%s,%s,%s,%s,%s,
               %s,%s,%s,%s,%s)'''
        try:
          print("获取到数据：")
          print(replace_data)
          self.db_cursor.execute(replace_sql, replace_data)
          self.db.commit()
        except Exception as err:
          print("插入数据库出错")
          print("获取到数据：")
          print(replace_data)
          print("插入语句：" + self.db_cursor._last_executed)
          self.db.rollback()
          print(err)
          traceback.print_exc()
      except Exception as err:
        print("获取数据出错，跳过用户")
        self.redis_con.hdel("already_get_user", name_url)
        self.del_already_user(name_url)
        print(err)
        traceback.print_exc()
        pass

最后，到用户的about页面，分析页面元素，利用正则或者beatifulsoup分析抓取页面的数据
这里我们SQL语句用REPLACE INTO而不用INSERT INTO，这样可以很好的防止数据重复问题

    # 开始抓取用户，程序总入口
    def entrance(self):
      while 1:
        if int(self.redis_con.llen("user_queue")) < 1:
          self.get_index_page_user()
        else:
          # 出队列获取用户name_url redis取出的是byte，要decode成utf-8
          name_url = str(self.redis_con.rpop("user_queue").decode('utf-8'))
          print("正在处理name_url：" + name_url)
          self.get_user_info(name_url)
          if int(self.redis_con.llen("user_queue")) <= int(self.max_queue_len):
            self.get_all_follower(name_url)
            self.get_all_following(name_url)
        self.session.cookies.save()
    def run(self):
      print(self.name + " is running")
      self.entrance()

最后，入口

    if __name__ == '__main__':
      login = GetUser(999, "登陆线程")
      threads = []
      for i in range(0, 4):
        m = GetUser(i, "thread" + str(i))
        threads.append(m)
      for i in range(0, 4):
        threads[i].start()
      for i in range(0, 4):
        threads[i].join()

这里就是多线程的开启，需要开启多少个线程就把4换成多少就可以了

Docker

嫌麻烦的可以参考一下我用docker简单的搭建一个基础环境：

mysql和redis都是官方镜像

docker run --name mysql -itd mysql:latest
docker run --name redis -itd mysql:latest

再利用docker-compose运行python镜像，我的python的docker-compose.yml：

python:
 container_name: python
 build: .
 ports:
  - "84:80"
 external_links:
  - memcache:memcache
  - mysql:mysql
  - redis:redis
 volumes:
  - /docker_containers/python/www:/var/www/html
 tty: true
 stdin_open: true
 extra_hosts:
  - "python:192.168.102.140"
 environment:
  PYTHONIOENCODING: utf-8

最后附上源代码： GITHUB https://github.com/kong36088/ZhihuSpider

本站下载地址： http://xiazai.jb51.net/201612/yuanma/ZhihuSpider(jb51.net).zip