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1£(C)cgi ͨÓÃÍø¹Ø½Ó¿Ú£¨Common Gateway Interface)£(C)
2£(C) fast-cgi ³£×¤ (long-live) Ð굀 CGI
3£(C) cli ÃuÁiÐÐÔËÐÐ £¨Command Line Interface£(C)
4£(C)webÄ£¿eģʽ £¨apacheµÈweb*þÎñÆ÷ÔËÐеÄÄ£¿eģʽ£(C)
5£(C)ISAPI£¨Internet Server Application Program Interface£(C)

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1. CGI£¨Common Gateway Interface£(C)

     CGI¼´Í¨ÓÃÍø¹Ø½Ó¿Ú(Common Gateway Interface)£¬ËuÊÇÒ»¶Î³ÌÐo, ͨË׵Ľ²CGI¾ÍÏoÊÇÒ»×uÇÅ£¬°ÑÍøÒ³ºÍWEB*þÎñÆ÷ÖеÄÖ´ÐгÌÐoÁ¬½ÓÆðÀ´£¬Ëu°ÑHTML½ÓÊÕµÄÖ¸Ái´«µÝ¸ø*þÎñÆ÷µÄÖ´ÐгÌÐo£¬ÔÙ°Ñ*þÎñÆ÷Ö´ÐгÌÐoµÄ½a¹u*µ»¹¸øHTMLÒ³¡£CGI µÄ¿çƽ̨ÐÔÄܼ«¼Ñ£¬¼¸ºo¿ÉÒÔÔÚÈκβÙ×÷ϵͳÉÏʵÏÖ¡£ CGIÒѾ­ÊDZȽÏÀϵÄģʽÁË£¬Õa¼¸Äe¶¼ºÜÉÙÓÃÁË¡£  


     ÿÓÐÒ»¸oÓû§ÇeÇo£¬¶¼»aÏÈÒª´´½¨cgiµÄ×Ó½ø³Ì£¬È»ºo´¦ÀiÇeÇo£¬´¦ÀiÍeºo½aÊøÕa¸o×Ó½ø³Ì£¬Õa¾ÍÊÇfork-and-executeģʽ¡£ µ±Óû§ÇeÇoÊýÁ¿*dz£¶aʱ£¬»a´oÁ¿¼*ռϵͳµÄ×ÊÔ´ÈçÄÚ´ae£¬CPUʱ¼aµÈ£¬Ôi³ÉЧÄܵÍÏ¡£ËuÒÔÓÃcgi*½Ê½µÄ*þÎñÆ÷ÓжaÉÙÁ¬½ÓÇeÇo¾Í»aÓжaÉÙcgi×Ó½ø³Ì£¬×Ó½ø³Ì*´¸´¼ÓÔØÊÇcgiÐÔÄܵÍϵÄÖ÷ÒªÔ­Òo¡£  


     Èç¹u²»Ïe°Ñ PHP ǶÈeµ½*þÎñÆ÷¶ËÈi¼þ£¨Èç Apache£(C)×÷Ϊһ¸oÄ£¿e°²×°µÄ»°£¬¿ÉÒÔÑ¡ÔñÒÔ CGI µÄģʽ°²×°¡£»oÕß°Ñ PHP ÓÃÓÚ²»Í¬µÄ CGI *a×°ÒÔ±aΪ´uÂe´´½¨°²È«µÄ chroot ºÍ setuid »*¾³¡£ÕaÑuÿ¸o¿Í»§»uÇeÇoÒ»¸ophpÎļþ£¬Web*þÎñÆ÷¾Íµ÷ÓÃphp.exe£¨winÏÂÊÇphp.exe,linuxÊÇphp£(C)È¥½aÊÍÕa¸oÎļþ£¬È»ºoÔٰѽaÊ͵Ľa¹uÒÔÍøÒ³µÄÐÎʽ*µ»Ø¸ø¿Í»§»u¡£ ÕaÖÖ°²×°*½Ê½Í¨³£»a°Ñ PHP µÄ¿ÉÖ´ÐÐÎļþ°²×°µ½ web *þÎñÆ÷µÄ cgi-bin Ŀ¼¡£CERT ½¨ÒeÊe CA-96.11 ½¨Òe²»Òª°ÑÈκεĽaÊÍÆ÷*ŵ½ cgi-bin Ŀ¼¡£

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    CGIģʽ°²×°£º

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 LoadModule php5_module modules/libphp5.so ÕaÐС£Èç¹u²»×¢ÊÍÕaÐлaÒ»Ö±×ßµ½handlerģʽ¡£Ò²¾ÍÊÇÄ£¿eģʽ¡£  
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 Action application/x-httpd-php /cgi-bin/  
 Èç¹uÔÚ/cgi-bin/Ŀ¼ÕÒ²»µ½php-cgi.¿É×ÔÐдÓphpµÄbinÀiÃaecpÒ»¸o¡£  
 È»ºoÖØÆoapache,ÔÙ´o¿ª²aÊÔÒ³Ãae*¢ÏÖServer API±a³É£ºCGI/FastCGI¡£ËµÃ÷³É¹¦Çл»Îªcgiģʽ¡£  
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1. Èç¹ucgi³ÌÐoÅÔÚ/usr/local/httpd/cgi-bin/ÀiÎÞ¨Ö´ÐУ¬Óoµ½403»o500´iÎoµÄ»°
   ´o¿ªapache´iÎoÈÕÖ¾ ÓÐÈçÏÂÌaʾ£º Permission denied: exec of
   ¿ÉÒÔ¼i²ecgi³ÌÐoµÄÊoÐÔ£¬°´Linux contextsÎļþ Ài¶¨ÒaµÄ£¬/usr/local/httpd/cgi-bin/Ài±ØÐeÊÇhttpd_sys_script_exec_t ÊoÐÔ¡£ ͨ¹ýls -Z²e¿´£¬Èç¹u²»ÊÇÔoͨ¹ýÈçÏÂÃuÁi¸u¸Ä£º chcon -t httpd_sys_script_exec_t /var/www/cgi-bin/*.cgi Èç¹uÊÇÐeÄaÖ÷»uÀiµÄcgi£¬Ôo²Î¿¼ÎÊÌa2ʹ֮ÄÜÕý³£Ê¹ÓÃÆÕͨµÄ¹¦Äܺo£¬ÔÙͨ¹ýchconÉeÖÃcgiÎļþµÄcontextΪ
   httpd_sys_script_exec_t¼´¿É¡£chcon -R -t httpd_sys_script_exec_t cgi-bin/

2. apache´iÎoÌaʾ£º¡­. malformed header from script. Bad header=
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   Content-type: text/plain; charset=iso-8859-1\n\n
   »oÕßContent-type:text/html\n\n
   ×¢Òa£ºÉuÃ÷ºÃContent-typeºoÒªÊa³oÁ½¸o¿ÕÐС£

3£(C)apache´iÎoÌaʾ£º Exec format error
½Å±¾½aÊÍÆ÷ÉeÖôiÎo¡£½Å±¾µÚÒ»ÐÐÓ¦¸ÃÒÔ'#!½aÊÍÆ÷¾¶'µÄÐÎʽ, Ìiд½Å±¾½aÊÍÆ÷µÄ¾¶£¬Èç¹uÊÇPERL³ÌÐo£¬³£¼uµÄ¾¶Îª: #!/usr/bin/perl »o #!/usr/local/bin/perl Èç¹uÊÇPHP³ÌÐo£¬²»ÐeÒªÌiд½aÊÍÆ÷¾¶£¬ÏµÍ³»a×Ô¶¯ÕÒµ½PHP¡£

2. Fastcgiģʽ

       fast-cgi ÊÇcgiµÄÉý¼¶°ae±¾£¬FastCGI ÏñÊÇÒ»¸o³£×¤ (long-live) Ð굀 CGI£¬Ëu¿ÉÒÔÒ»Ö±Ö´ÐÐ×Å£¬Ö»Òª¼¤»iºo£¬²»»aÿ´Î¶¼Òª»¨*Ñʱ¼aÈ¥ fork Ò»´Î (ÕaÊÇ CGI ×iΪÈËÚ¸²¡µÄ fork-and-execute ģʽ)¡£   


      FastCGIµÄ¹¤×÷Ô­ÀiÊÇ£º

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(2)¡¢FastCGI½ø³Ì¹ÜÀiÆ÷×ÔÉi³oʼ»¯£¬Æo¶¯¶a¸oCGI½aÊÍÆ÷½ø³Ì (ÔÚÈÎÎñ¹ÜÀiÆ÷Öпɼu¶a¸ophp-cgi.exe)²¢µÈ´ýÀ´×ÔWeb ServerµÄÁ¬½Ó¡£

(3)¡¢µ±¿Í»§¶ËÇeÇoµ½´iWeb Serverʱ£¬FastCGI½ø³Ì¹ÜÀiÆ÷Ñ¡Ôñ²¢Á¬½Óµ½Ò»¸oCGI½aÊÍÆ÷¡£Web server½«CGI»¾³±aÁ¿ºÍ±e×¼ÊaÈe¢Ë͵½FastCGI×Ó½ø³Ìphp-cgi¡£

(4)¡¢FastCGI×Ó½ø³ÌÍe³É´¦Àiºo½«±e×¼Êa³oºÍ´iÎoÐÅÏ¢´ÓͬһÁ¬½Ó*µ»ØWeb Server¡£µ±FastCGI×Ó½ø³Ì¹Ø±ÕÁ¬½Óʱ£¬ÇeÇo±a¸ae´¦ÀiÍe³É¡£FastCGI×Ó½ø³Ì½Ó×ŵȴý²¢´¦ÀiÀ´×ÔFastCGI½ø³Ì¹ÜÀiÆ÷£¨ÔËÐÐÔÚ WebServerÖУ(C)µÄÏÂÒ»¸oÁ¬½Ó¡£ÔÚÕý³£µÄCGIģʽÖУ¬php-cgi.exeÔڴ˱aÍ˳oÁË¡£

ÔÚCGIģʽÖУ¬Äa¿ÉÒÔÏeÏo CGIͨ³£ÓжaÂý¡£Ã¿Ò»¸oWebÇeÇoPHP¶¼±ØÐeÖØнaÎophp.ini¡¢ÖØÐÂÔØÈeÈ«²¿dllÀ(C)Õ¹²¢Öسoʼ»¯È«²¿Êý¾Ý½a¹¹¡£Ê¹ÓÃFastCGI£¬ËuÓÐÕaÐ(C)¶¼Ö»ÔÚ½ø³ÌÆo¶¯Ê±*¢ÉuÒ»´Î¡£Ò»¸o¶iÍaµÄºÃ´¦ÊÇ£¬³ÖÐøÊý¾Ý¿aÁ¬½Ó(Persistent database connection)¿ÉÒÔ¹¤×÷¡£

FastcgiµÄÓŵa£º

1£(C)´ÓÎȶ¨ÐÔÉÏ¿´, fastcgiÊÇÒÔ¶ÀÁ¢µÄ½ø³Ì³ØÔËÐÐÀ´cgi,µ¥¶ÀÒ»¸o½ø³ÌËÀµo,ϵͳ¿ÉÒÔºÜÇaÒ׵ĶªÆu,È»ºoÖØÐÂÖ ÅaеĽø³ÌÀ´ÔËÐÐÂß¼­.
2£(C)´Ó°²È«ÐÔÉÏ¿´,FastcgiÖ§³ÖÖ²¼Ê½ÔËËa. fastcgiºÍËÞÖ÷µÄserverÍeÈ«¶ÀÁ¢, fastcgiÔoôdownÒ²²»»a°Ñserver¸a¿a.
3£(C)´ÓÐÔÄÜÉÏ¿´, fastcgi°Ñ¶¯Ì¬Âß¼­µÄ´¦Ài´ÓserverÖÐÖÀe³oÀ´, ´o¸ººÉµÄIO´¦Ài»¹ÊÇÁo¸øËÞÖ÷server, ÕaÑuËÞÖ÷server¿ÉÒÔÒ»ÐÄÒ»Òa×÷IO,¶ÔÓÚÒ»¸oÆÕͨµÄ¶¯Ì¬ÍøÒ³À´Ëµ, Âß¼­´¦Ài¿ÉÄÜÖ»ÓÐһС²¿Ö, ´oÁ¿µÄͼƬµÈ¾²Ì¬

FastCGIȱµa£º

˵ÍeÁ˺ô¦£¬Ò²À´ËµËµÈ±µa¡£´ÓÎÒµÄʵ¼ÊʹÓÃÀ´¿´£¬ÓÃFastCGIģʽ¸uÊʺÏÉu²u»¾³µÄþÎñÆ÷¡£µ«¶ÔÓÚ¿ª¢ÓûuÆ÷À´Ëµ¾Í²»Ì«ºÏÊÊ¡£ÒoΪµ±Ê¹Óà Zend Studioµ÷ÊÔ³ÌÐoʱ£¬ÓÉÓÚ FastCGI»aÈÏΪ PHP½ø³Ì³¬Ê±£¬´Ó¶øÔÚÒ³Ãaeµ»Ø 500´iÎo¡£ÕaÒ»µaÈÃÈËdz£ÄÕ»ð£¬ËuÒÔÎÒÔÚ¿ª¢»uÆ÷ÉÏ»¹ÊÇ»»»ØÁË ISAPIģʽ¡£

°²×°fastcgiģʽ£º
°²×°apache¾¶ÊÇ/usr/local/httpd/
°²×°php¾¶ÊÇ/usr/local/php/

1£(C)°²×°mod_fastcgi

    wget http://www.fastcgi.com/dist/mod_fastcgi-2.4.6.tar.gz
    tar zxvf mod_fastcgi-2.4.6.tar.gz
    cd mod_fastcgi-2.4.6
    cp Makefile.AP2 Makefile
    vi Makefile£¬±a¼­top_dir = /usr/local/httpd
    make
    make insta

°²×°Íeºo£¬

/usr/local/httpd/modules/¶a³oÒ»¸oÎļþ£º
mod_fcgid.so

2£(C)ÖØбaÒephp

    ./configure ¨Cprefix=/usr/local/php ¨Cenable-fastcgi ¨Cenable-force-cgi-redirect ¨Cdisable-cli
    make 
    make install

ÕaÑu±aÒeºo£¬ÔÚPHPµÄbinĿ¼ÏµÄphp-cgi¾ÍÊÇfastcgiģʽµÄphp½aÊÍÆ÷ÁË
°²×°³É¹¦ºo,Ö´ÐÐ

    php -v Êa³o
    PHP 5.3.2 (cgi-fcgi).

ÕaÀiÊa³o´øÁËcgi-fcgi

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1. ±aÒe²ÎÊý²»ÄÜ¼Ó ¨Cwith-apxs=/usr/local/httpd/bin/apxs *ñÔo°²×°³oÀ´µÄphpÖ´ÐÐÎļþÊÇcliģʽµÄ
2 Èç¹u±aÒeʱ²»¼Ó¨Cdisable-cliÔoÊa³o PHP 5.3.2(cli)
3)ÅaÖÃapache

ÐeÒªÅaÖÃapacheÀ´ÒÔfastcgiģʽÔËÐÐphp³ÌÐo
vi httpd.conf

ÎÒÃÇʹÓÃÐeÄa»uµÄ*½Ê½ÊµÏÖ£º

    #¼ÓÔØfastcgiÄ£¿e
    LoadModule fastcgi_module   modules/mod_fastcgi.so
    #//ÒÔ¾²Ì¬*½Ê½Ö´ÐÐfastcgi Æo¶¯ÁË10½ø³Ì
    FastCgiServer /usr/local/php/bin/php-cgi -processes 10 -idle-timeout 150 -pass-header HTTP_AUTHORIZATION
    <VirtualHost *:80>
       #
       DocumentRoot  /usr/local/httpd/fcgi-bin  
       ServerName www.fastcgitest.com

       ScriptAlias /fcgi-bin/  /usr/local/php/bin/  #¶¨ÒaĿ¼ӳÉa /fcgi-bin/ ´uÌae /usr/local/php/bin/
       Options +ExecCGI
       AddHandler fastcgi-script .php .fcgi     #.php½aβµÄÇeÇo¶¼ÒªÓÃphp-fastcgiÀ´´¦Ài 
       AddType application/x-httpd-php .php   #Ôo¼ÓMIMEÀaÐÍ
       Action application/x-httpd-php /fcgi-bin/php-cgi #ÉeÖÃphp-fastcgiµÄ´¦ÀiÆ÷£º /usr/local/php/bin/php-cgi
     <Directory /usr/local/httpd/fcgi-bin/>
       Options Indexes ExecCGI
       Order allow,deny
       allow from all
     </Directory>
    </VirtualHost>

4£(C).restart ÏÂapache,²e¿´phpinfo£¬Èç¹uþÎñÆ÷ÐÅÏ¢ÊÇ£º
Apache/2.2.11 (Unix) mod_fastcgi/2.4.6Ö®ÀaµÄ¾Í˵Ã÷°²×°³É¹¦ÁË¡£
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    <Directory />
      Options FollowSymLinks
      AllowOverride None
      Order deny,allow
      Deny from all
    </Directory>

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ps -ef|grep php-cgi¿ÉÒÔ¿´¼u10¸ofastcgi½ø³ÌÔÚÅÜ¡£

3. CLIģʽ

cliÊÇphpµÄÃuÁiÐÐÔËÐÐģʽ£¬´o¼Ò¾­³£»aʹÓÃËu£¬µ«ÊÇ¿ÉÄܲ¢Ã»ÓÐ×¢Òaµ½£¨ÀýÈ磺ÎÒÃÇÔÚlinuxϾ­³£Ê¹Óà "php -m"²eÕÒPHP°²×°ÁËÄÇÐ(C)À(C)Õ¹¾ÍÊÇPHPÃuÁiÐÐÔËÐÐģʽ£»ÓÐÐËȤµÄͬѧ¿ÉÒÔÊaÈephp -hÈ¥ÉiÈeÑо¿¸ÃÔËÐÐģʽ£(C)

1.Èà PHP ÔËÐÐÖ¸¶¨Îļþ¡£

    php script.php
    php -f script.php

ÒÔÉÏÁ½ÖÖ½¨£¨Ê¹Óûo²»Ê¹Óà -f ²ÎÊý£(C)¶¼Äܹ»ÔËÐнű¾µÄscript.php¡£Äu¿ÉÒÔÑ¡ÔñÈκÎÎļþÀ´ÔËÐУ¬ÄuÖ¸¶¨µÄ PHP ½Å±¾²¢*DZØÐeÒªÒÔ .php ΪÀ(C)Õ¹Ãu£¬ËuÃÇ¿ÉÒÔÓÐÈÎÒaµÄÎļþÃuºÍÀ(C)Õ¹Ãu¡£

2.ÔÚÃuÁiÐÐÖ±½ÓÔËÐÐ PHP ´uÂe¡£

php -r "print_r(get_defined_constants());"

ÔÚʹÓÃÕaÖÖ½¨Ê±£¬ÇeÄu×¢ÒaÍa¿Ç±aÁ¿µÄÌae´u¼°ÒýºÅµÄʹÓá£
×¢: Çe×ÐϸÔĶÁÒÔÉ϶Àý£¬ÔÚÔËÐдuÂeʱûÓпªÊ¼ºÍ½aÊøµÄ±e¼Çu£¡¼ÓÉÏ -r ²ÎÊýºo£¬ÕaÐ(C)±e¼ÇuÊDz»ÐeÒªµÄ£¬¼ÓÉÏËuÃÇ»aµ¼ÖÂÓi¨´iÎo¡£

3.ͨ¹ý±e×¼ÊaÈe£¨stdin£(C)Ìa¹(C)ÐeÒªÔËÐÐµÄ PHP ´uÂe¡£

ÒÔÉÏÓè¸øÎÒÃÇÌa¹(C)ÁËdz£Ç¿´oµÄ¹¦ÄÜ£¬Ê¹µÃÎÒÃÇ¿ÉÒÔÈçÏÂ*¶ÀýËuʾ£¬¶¯Ì¬µØÉu³É PHP ´uÂe²¢Í¨¹ýÃuÁiÐÐÔËÐÐÕaÐ(C)´uÂe£º

$ some_application | some_filter | php | sort -u >final_output.txt

4. Ä£¿eģʽ

       Ä£¿eģʽÊÇÒÔmod_php5Ä£¿eµÄÐÎʽ¼¯³É£¬´Ëʱmod_php5Ä£¿eµÄ×÷ÓÃÊǽÓÊÕApache´«µÝ¹ýÀ´µÄPHPÎļþÇeÇo£¬²¢´¦ÀiÕaÐ(C)ÇeÇo£¬È»ºo½«´¦ÀiºoµÄ½a¹u*µ»Ø¸øApache¡£Èç¹uÎÒÃÇÔÚApacheÆo¶¯Ç°ÔÚÆaÅaÖÃÎļþÖÐÅaÖúÃÁËPHPÄ£¿e£¨mod_php5£(C)£¬ PHPÄ£¿eͨ¹ý×¢²aapache2µÄap_hook_post_config¹Ò¹³£¬ÔÚApacheÆo¶¯µÄʱºoÆo¶¯´ËÄ£¿eÒÔ½ÓÊÜPHPÎļþµÄÇeÇo¡£  


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    ApacheÊÇÈçºÎ¼ÓÔØÄ£¿eµÄÄØ£¿ÎÒÃÇÒÔÇ°ÃaeÌaµ½µÄmod_php5Ä£¿eΪÀý¡£Ê×ÏÈÎÒÃÇÐeÒªÔÚApacheµÄÅaÖÃÎļþhttpd.confÖÐÌi¼ÓÒ»ÐУº  

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