foreach是PHP中很常用的一个用作数组循环的控制语句。
因为它的方便和易用,自然也就在后端隐藏着很复杂的具体实现方式(对用户透明)
今天,我们就来一起分析分析,foreach是如何实现数组(对象)的遍历的。
我们知道PHP是一个脚本语言,也就是说,用户编写的PHP代码最终都是会被PHP解释器解释执行,
特别的,对于PHP来说,所有的用户编写的PHP代码,都会被翻译成PHP的虚拟机ZE的虚拟指令(OPCODES)来执行,不论细节的话,就是说,我们所编写的任何PHP脚本,都会最终被翻译成一条条的指令,从而根据指令,由相应的C编写的函数来执行。
那么foreach会被翻译成什么样子呢?
foreach($arr as $key => $val){
echo $key . '=>' . $val . "\n";
}
在词法分析阶段,foreach会被识别为一个TOKEN:T_FOREACH,
在语法分析阶段,会被规则:
unticked_statement: //没有被绑定ticks的语句
//有省略
| T_FOREACH '(' variable T_AS
{ zend_do_foreach_begin(&$1, &$2, &$3, &$4, 1 TSRMLS_CC); }
foreach_variable foreach_optional_arg ')' { zend_do_foreach_cont(&$1, &$2, &$4, &$6, &$7 TSRMLS_CC); }
foreach_statement { zend_do_foreach_end(&$1, &$4 TSRMLS_CC); }
| T_FOREACH '(' expr_without_variable T_AS
{ zend_do_foreach_begin(&$1, &$2, &$3, &$4, 0 TSRMLS_CC); }
variable foreach_optional_arg ')' { zend_check_writable_variable(&$6); zend_do_foreach_cont(&$1, &$2, &$4, &$6, &$7 TSRMLS_CC); }
foreach_statement { zend_do_foreach_end(&$1, &$4 TSRMLS_CC); }
//有省略
;
仔细分析这段语法规则,我们可以发现,对于:
foreach($arr as $key => $val){
echo $key . '=>' . $val ."\n";
}
会被分析为:
T_FOREACH '(' variable T_AS { zend_do_foreach_begin('foreach', '(', $arr, 'as', 1 TSRMLS_CC); }
foreach_variable foreach_optional_arg(T_DOUBLE_ARROW foreach_variable) ')' { zend_do_foreach_cont('foreach', '(', 'as', $key, $val TSRMLS_CC); }
foreach_satement {zend_do_foreach_end('foreach', 'as');}
然后,让我们来看看foreach_statement:
它其实就是一个代码块,体现了我们的 echo $key . '=>' . $val ."\n";
T_ECHO expr;
显然,实现foreach的核心就是如下3个函数:
其中,zend_do_foreach_begin (代码太长,直接写伪码) 主要做了:
1. 记录当前的opline行数(为以后跳转而记录)
2. 对数组进行RESET(讲内部指针指向第一个元素)
3. 获取临时变量 ($val)
4. 设置获取变量的OPCODE FE_FETCH,结果存第3步的临时变量
4. 记录获取变量的OPCODES的行数
而对于 zend_do_foreach_cont来说:
1. 根据foreach_variable的u.EA.type来判断是否引用
2. 根据是否引用来调整zend_do_foreach_begin中生成的FE_FETCH方式
3. 根据zend_do_foreach_begin中记录的取变量的OPCODES的行数,来初始化循环(主要处理在循环内部的循环:do_begin_loop)
最后zend_do_foreach_end:
1. 根据zend_do_foreach_begin中记录的行数信息,设置ZEND_JMP OPCODES
2. 根据当前行数,设置循环体下一条opline, 用以跳出循环
3. 结束循环(处理循环内循环:do_end_loop)
4. 清理临时变量
当然, 在zend_do_foreach_cont 和 zend_do_foreach_end之间 会在语法分析阶段被填充foreach_satement的语句代码。
这样,就实现了foreach的OPCODES line。
比如对于我们开头的实例代码,最终生成的OPCODES是:
filename: /home/huixinchen/foreach.php
function name: (null)
number of ops: 17
compiled vars: !0 = $arr, !1 = $key, !2 = $val
line # op fetch ext return operands
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2 0 SEND_VAL 1
1 SEND_VAL 100
2 DO_FCALL 2 'range'
3 ASSIGN !0, $0
3 4 FE_RESET $2 !0, ->14
5 FE_FETCH $3 $2, ->14
6 ZEND_OP_DATA ~5
7 ASSIGN !2, $3
8 ASSIGN !1, ~5
4 9 CONCAT ~7 !1, '-'
10 CONCAT ~8 ~7, !2
11 CONCAT ~9 ~8, '%0A'
12 ECHO ~9
5 13 JMP ->5
14 SWITCH_FREE $2
7 15 RETURN 1
16* ZEND_HANDLE_EXCEPTION
我们注意到FE_FETCH的op2的操作数是14,也就是JMP后一条opline,也就是说,在获取完最后一个数组元素以后,FE_FETCH失败的情况下,会跳到第14行opline,从而实现了循环的结束。
而15行opline的op1的操作数是指向了FE_FETCH,也就是无条件跳转到第5行opline,从而实现了循环。
附录:
void zend_do_foreach_begin(znode *foreach_token, znode *open_brackets_token, znode *array, znode *as_token, int variable TSRMLS_DC)
{
zend_op *opline;
zend_bool is_variable;
zend_bool push_container = 0;
zend_op dummy_opline;
if (variable) {
//是否是匿名数组
if (zend_is_function_or_method_call(array)) {
//是否是函数返回值
is_variable = 0;
} else {
is_variable = 1;
}
/* 使用括号记录FE_RESET的opline行数 */
open_brackets_token->u.opline_num = get_next_op_number(CG(active_op_array));
zend_do_end_variable_parse(BP_VAR_W, 0 TSRMLS_CC); //获取数组/对象和zend_do_begin_variable_parse对应
if (CG(active_op_array)->last > 0 &&
CG(active_op_array)->opcodes[CG(active_op_array)->last-1].opcode == ZEND_FETCH_OBJ_W) {
/* Only lock the container if we are fetching from a real container and not $this */
if (CG(active_op_array)->opcodes[CG(active_op_array)->last-1].op1.op_type == IS_VAR) {
CG(active_op_array)->opcodes[CG(active_op_array)->last-1].extended_value |= ZEND_FETCH_ADD_LOCK;
push_container = 1;
}
}
} else {
is_variable = 0;
open_brackets_token->u.opline_num = get_next_op_number(CG(active_op_array));
}
foreach_token->u.opline_num = get_next_op_number(CG(active_op_array)); //记录数组Reset Opline number
opline = get_next_op(CG(active_op_array) TSRMLS_CC); //生成Reset数组Opcode
opline->opcode = ZEND_FE_RESET;
opline->result.op_type = IS_VAR;
opline->result.u.var = get_temporary_variable(CG(active_op_array));
opline->op1 = *array;
SET_UNUSED(opline->op2);
opline->extended_value = is_variable ? ZEND_FE_RESET_VARIABLE : 0;
dummy_opline.result = opline->result;
if (push_container) {
dummy_opline.op1 = CG(active_op_array)->opcodes[CG(active_op_array)->last-2].op1;
} else {
znode tmp;
tmp.op_type = IS_UNUSED;
dummy_opline.op1 = tmp;
}
zend_stack_push(&CG;(foreach_copy_stack), (void *) &dummy;_opline, sizeof(zend_op));
as_token->u.opline_num = get_next_op_number(CG(active_op_array)); //记录循环起始点
opline = get_next_op(CG(active_op_array) TSRMLS_CC);
opline->opcode = ZEND_FE_FETCH;
opline->result.op_type = IS_VAR;
opline->result.u.var = get_temporary_variable(CG(active_op_array));
opline->op1 = dummy_opline.result; //被操作数组
opline->extended_value = 0;
SET_UNUSED(opline->op2);
opline = get_next_op(CG(active_op_array) TSRMLS_CC);
opline->opcode = ZEND_OP_DATA; //当使用key的时候附属操作数,当foreach中不包含key时忽略
SET_UNUSED(opline->op1);
SET_UNUSED(opline->op2);
SET_UNUSED(opline->result);
}
void zend_do_foreach_cont(znode *foreach_token, const znode *open_brackets_token, const znode *as_token, znode *value, znode *key TSRMLS_DC)
{
zend_op *opline;
znode dummy, value_node;
zend_bool assign_by_ref=0;
opline = &CG;(active_op_array)->opcodes[as_token->u.opline_num]; //获取FE_FETCH Opline
if (key->op_type != IS_UNUSED) {
znode *tmp;//交换key和val
tmp = key;
key = value;
value = tmp;
opline->extended_value |= ZEND_FE_FETCH_WITH_KEY; //表明需要同时获取key和val
}
if ((key->op_type != IS_UNUSED) && (key->u.EA.type & ZEND_PARSED_REFERENCE_VARIABLE)) {
//key不能以引用方式获取
zend_error(E_COMPILE_ERROR, "Key element cannot be a reference");
}
if (value->u.EA.type & ZEND_PARSED_REFERENCE_VARIABLE) {
//以引用方式获取值
assign_by_ref = 1;
if (!(opline-1)->extended_value) {
//根据FE_FETCH的上一条Opline也就是获取数组的扩展值来判断数组是否是匿名数组
zend_error(E_COMPILE_ERROR, "Cannot create references to elements of a temporary array expression");
}
opline->extended_value |= ZEND_FE_FETCH_BYREF; //指明按引用取
CG(active_op_array)->opcodes[foreach_token->u.opline_num].extended_value |= ZEND_FE_RESET_REFERENCE; //重置原数组
} else {
zend_op *foreach_copy;
zend_op *fetch = &CG;(active_op_array)->opcodes[foreach_token->u.opline_num];
zend_op *end = &CG;(active_op_array)->opcodes[open_brackets_token->u.opline_num];
/* Change "write context" into "read context" */
fetch->extended_value = 0; /* reset ZEND_FE_RESET_VARIABLE */
while (fetch != end) {
--fetch;
if (fetch->opcode == ZEND_FETCH_DIM_W && fetch->op2.op_type == IS_UNUSED) {
zend_error(E_COMPILE_ERROR, "Cannot use [] for reading");
}
fetch->opcode -= 3; /* FETCH_W -> FETCH_R */
}
/* prevent double SWITCH_FREE */
zend_stack_top(&CG;(foreach_copy_stack), (void **) &foreach;_copy);
foreach_copy->op1.op_type = IS_UNUSED;
}
value_node = opline->result;
if (assign_by_ref) {
zend_do_end_variable_parse(value, BP_VAR_W, 0 TSRMLS_CC); //获取值(引用)
zend_do_assign_ref(NULL, value, &value;_node TSRMLS_CC);//指明value node的type是IS_VAR
} else {
zend_do_assign(&dummy;, value, &value;_node TSRMLS_CC); //获取copy值
zend_do_free(&dummy; TSRMLS_CC);
}
if (key->op_type != IS_UNUSED) {
znode key_node;
opline = &CG;(active_op_array)->opcodes[as_token->u.opline_num+1];
opline->result.op_type = IS_TMP_VAR;
opline->result.u.EA.type = 0;
opline->result.u.opline_num = get_temporary_variable(CG(active_op_array));
key_node = opline->result;
zend_do_assign(&dummy;, key, &key;_node TSRMLS_CC);
zend_do_free(&dummy; TSRMLS_CC);
}
do_begin_loop(TSRMLS_C);
INC_BPC(CG(active_op_array));
}
void zend_do_foreach_end(znode *foreach_token, znode *as_token TSRMLS_DC)
{
zend_op *container_ptr;
zend_op *opline = get_next_op(CG(active_op_array) TSRMLS_CC); //生成JMP opcode
opline->opcode = ZEND_JMP;
opline->op1.u.opline_num = as_token->u.opline_num; //设置JMP到FE_FETCH opline行
SET_UNUSED(opline->op1);
SET_UNUSED(opline->op2);
CG(active_op_array)->opcodes[foreach_token->u.opline_num].op2.u.opline_num = get_next_op_number(CG(active_op_array)); //设置跳出循环的opline行
CG(active_op_array)->opcodes[as_token->u.opline_num].op2.u.opline_num = get_next_op_number(CG(active_op_array)); //同上
do_end_loop(as_token->u.opline_num, 1 TSRMLS_CC); //为循环嵌套而设置
zend_stack_top(&CG;(foreach_copy_stack), (void **) &container;_ptr);
generate_free_foreach_copy(container_ptr TSRMLS_CC);
zend_stack_del_top(&CG;(foreach_copy_stack));
DEC_BPC(CG(active_op_array)); //为PHP interactive模式而设置
}
同时还要注意的是,foreach在使用中是值还是传引用的问题。
php 中遍历一个array时可以使用for或foreach,foreach的语法为:foreach ($arr as $k => $v)。遍历数组,把index赋给$k,数组的值赋给$v,那么此处的赋值是传值还是传引用呢。先看下面的例子:
$arr = array(
array('id' => 1, 'name' => 'name1'),
array('id' => 2, 'name' => 'name2'),
);
foreach ($arr as $obj) {
$obj['id'] = $obj['id'];
$obj['name'] = $obj['name'] . '-modify';
}
print_r($arr); //输出的结果
Array(
[0] => Array (
[id] => 1
[name] => name1
)
[1] => Array(
[id] => 2
[name] => name2
)
)
观察可以发现在foreach循环中对$arr操作并没有影响到$arr的元素,所以这里的赋值是传值而不是传引用。那如果需要修改$arr中元素的值该怎么办呢?可以在变量前面加一个"&"符号,例如:
foreach ($arr as &$obj) {
$obj['id'] = $obj['id'];
$obj['name'] = $obj['name'] . '-modify';
}
再看另外一个例子,array里面存放的是object,
$arr = array(
(object)(array('id' => 1, 'name' => 'name1')),
(object)(array('id' => 2, 'name' => 'name2')),
);
foreach ($arr as $obj) {
$obj->name = $obj->name . '-modify';
}
print_r($arr); //输出的结果
Array
(
[0] => stdClass Object
(
[id] => 1
[name] => name1-modify
)
[1] => stdClass Object
(
[id] => 2
[name] => name2-modify
)
)
此时可以看到原始数组中的object对象已经修改了,所以这里的赋值又是传引用而不是传值
综合上述,得出的结论:如果数组里面存放的是普通类型的元素就是采用传值的方式,存放对象类型元素采用的方式为传地址。