Many to Many 会在两个 model 中添加一张连接表。
例如,您的应用包含了 user 和 language,且一个 user 可以说多种 language,多个 user 也可以说一种 language。
// User 拥有并属于多种 language,`user_languages` 是连接表
type User struct {
gorm.Model
Languages []Language `gorm:"many2many:user_languages;"`
}
type Language struct {
gorm.Model
Name string
}
当使用 GORM 的 AutoMigrate
为 User
创建表时,GORM 会自动创建连接表
// User 拥有并属于多种 language,`user_languages` 是连接表
type User struct {
gorm.Model
Languages []*Language `gorm:"many2many:user_languages;"`
}
type Language struct {
gorm.Model
Name string
Users []*User `gorm:"many2many:user_languages;"`
}
// 检索 User 列表并预加载 Language
func GetAllUsers(db *gorm.DB) ([]User, error) {
var users []User
err := db.Model(&User{}).Preload("Languages").Find(&users).Error
return users, err
}
// 检索 Language 列表并预加载 User
func GetAllLanguages(db *gorm.DB) ([]Language, error) {
var languages []Language
err := db.Model(&Language{}).Preload("Users").Find(&languages).Error
return languages, err
}
对于 many2many
关系,连接表会同时拥有两个模型的外键,例如:
type User struct {
gorm.Model
Languages []Language `gorm:"many2many:user_languages;"`
}
type Language struct {
gorm.Model
Name string
}
// 连接表:user_languages
// foreign key: user_id, reference: users.id
// foreign key: language_id, reference: languages.id
若要重写它们,可以使用标签 foreignKey
、references
、joinforeignKey
、joinReferences
。当然,您不需要使用全部的标签,你可以仅使用其中的一个重写部分的外键、引用。
type User struct {
gorm.Model
Profiles []Profile `gorm:"many2many:user_profiles;foreignKey:Refer;joinForeignKey:UserReferID;References:UserRefer;joinReferences:ProfileRefer"`
Refer uint `gorm:"index:,unique"`
}
type Profile struct {
gorm.Model
Name string
UserRefer uint `gorm:"index:,unique"`
}
// 会创建连接表:user_profiles
// foreign key: user_refer_id, reference: users.refer
// foreign key: profile_refer, reference: profiles.user_refer
{% note warn %}
注意: 某些数据库只允许在唯一索引字段上创建外键,如果您在迁移时会创建外键,则需要指定 unique index
标签。
{% endnote %}
自引用 many2many 关系
type User struct {
gorm.Model
Friends []*User `gorm:"many2many:user_friends"`
}
// 会创建连接表:user_friends
// foreign key: user_id, reference: users.id
// foreign key: friend_id, reference: users.id
GORM 可以通过 Preload
预加载 has many 关联的记录,查看 预加载 获取详情
查看 关联模式 获取 many2many 相关的用法
JoinTable
can be a full-featured model, like having Soft Delete
,Hooks
supports and more fields, you can set it up with SetupJoinTable
, for example:
{% note warn %} 注意: 自定义连接表要求外键是复合主键或复合唯一索引 {% endnote %}
type Person struct {
ID int
Name string
Addresses []Address `gorm:"many2many:person_addressses;"`
}
type Address struct {
ID uint
Name string
}
type PersonAddress struct {
PersonID int `gorm:"primaryKey"`
AddressID int `gorm:"primaryKey"`
CreatedAt time.Time
DeletedAt gorm.DeletedAt
}
func (PersonAddress) BeforeCreate(db *gorm.DB) error {
// ...
}
// 修改 Person 的 Addresses 字段的连接表为 PersonAddress
// PersonAddress 必须定义好所需的外键,否则会报错
err := db.SetupJoinTable(&Person{}, "Addresses", &PersonAddress{})
你可以通过为标签 constraint
配置 OnUpdate
、OnDelete
实现外键约束,在使用 GORM 进行迁移时它会被创建,例如:
type User struct {
gorm.Model
Languages []Language `gorm:"many2many:user_speaks;"`
}
type Language struct {
Code string `gorm:"primarykey"`
Name string
}
// CREATE TABLE `user_speaks` (`user_id` integer,`language_code` text,PRIMARY KEY (`user_id`,`language_code`),CONSTRAINT `fk_user_speaks_user` FOREIGN KEY (`user_id`) REFERENCES `users`(`id`) ON DELETE SET NULL ON UPDATE CASCADE,CONSTRAINT `fk_user_speaks_language` FOREIGN KEY (`language_code`) REFERENCES `languages`(`code`) ON DELETE SET NULL ON UPDATE CASCADE);
你也可以在删除记录时通过 Select
来删除 many2many 关系的记录,查看 Delete with Select 获取详情
如果您的模型使用了 复合主键,GORM 会默认启用复合外键。
您也可以覆盖默认的外键、指定多个外键,只需用逗号分隔那些键名,例如:
type Tag struct {
ID uint `gorm:"primaryKey"`
Locale string `gorm:"primaryKey"`
Value string
}
type Blog struct {
ID uint `gorm:"primaryKey"`
Locale string `gorm:"primaryKey"`
Subject string
Body string
Tags []Tag `gorm:"many2many:blog_tags;"`
LocaleTags []Tag `gorm:"many2many:locale_blog_tags;ForeignKey:id,locale;References:id"`
SharedTags []Tag `gorm:"many2many:shared_blog_tags;ForeignKey:id;References:id"`
}
// 连接表:blog_tags
// foreign key: blog_id, reference: blogs.id
// foreign key: blog_locale, reference: blogs.locale
// foreign key: tag_id, reference: tags.id
// foreign key: tag_locale, reference: tags.locale
// 连接表:locale_blog_tags
// foreign key: blog_id, reference: blogs.id
// foreign key: blog_locale, reference: blogs.locale
// foreign key: tag_id, reference: tags.id
// 连接表:shared_blog_tags
// foreign key: blog_id, reference: blogs.id
// foreign key: tag_id, reference: tags.id
查看 复合主键 获取详情