缩进两个空格,没有制表符。
在代码块之间请使用空行以提升可读性。缩进为两个空格。无论你做什么,请不要使用制表符。对于已有文件,保持已有的缩进格式。
行的最大长度为80个字符。
如果你必须写长度超过80个字符的字符串,如果可能的话,尽量使用here document或者嵌入的换行符。长度超过80个字符的文字串且不能被合理地分割,这是正常的。但强烈建议找到一个方法使其变短。
# DO use 'here document's
cat <<END;
I am an exceptionally long
string.
END
# Embedded newlines are ok too
long_string="I am an exceptionally
long string."
如果一行容不下整个管道操作,那么请将整个管道操作分割成每行一个管段。
如果一行容得下整个管道操作,那么请将整个管道操作写在同一行。
否则,应该将整个管道操作分割成每行一个管段,管道操作的下一部分应该将管道符放在新行并且缩进2个空格。这适用于使用管道符'|'的合并命令链以及使用'||'和'&&'的逻辑运算链。
# All fits on one line
command1 | command2
# Long commands
command1 \
| command2 \
| command3 \
| command4
请将 ; do
, ; then
和 while
, for
, if
放在同一行。
shell中的循坏略有不同,但是我们遵循跟声明函数时的大括号相同的原则。也就是说, ; do
, ; then
应该和 if/for/while 放在同一行。 else
应该单独一行,结束语句应该单独一行并且跟开始语句垂直对齐。
例如:
for dir in ${dirs_to_cleanup}; do
if [[ -d "${dir}/${ORACLE_SID}" ]]; then
log_date "Cleaning up old files in ${dir}/${ORACLE_SID}"
rm "${dir}/${ORACLE_SID}/"*
if [[ "$?" -ne 0 ]]; then
error_message
fi
else
mkdir -p "${dir}/${ORACLE_SID}"
if [[ "$?" -ne 0 ]]; then
error_message
fi
fi
done
;;
之前各需要一个空格。;;
在不同的行。匹配表达式比 case
和 esac
缩进一级。多行操作要再缩进一级。一般情况下,不需要引用匹配表达式。模式表达式前面不应该出现左括号。避免使用 ;&
和 ;;&
符号。
case "${expression}" in
a)
variable="..."
some_command "${variable}" "${other_expr}" ...
;;
absolute)
actions="relative"
another_command "${actions}" "${other_expr}" ...
;;
*)
error "Unexpected expression '${expression}'"
;;
esac
只要整个表达式可读,简单的命令可以跟模式和 ;;
写在同一行。这通常适用于单字母选项的处理。当单行容不下操作时,请将模式单独放一行,然后是操作,最后结束符 ;;
也单独一行。当操作在同一行时,模式的右括号之后和结束符 ;;
之前请使用一个空格分隔。
verbose='false'
aflag=''
bflag=''
files=''
while getopts 'abf:v' flag; do
case "${flag}" in
a) aflag='true' ;;
b) bflag='true' ;;
f) files="${OPTARG}" ;;
v) verbose='true' ;;
*) error "Unexpected option ${flag}" ;;
esac
done
按优先级顺序:保持跟你所发现的一致;引用你的变量;推荐用 ${var}
而不是 $var
,详细解释如下。
这些仅仅是指南,因为作为强制规定似乎饱受争议。
以下按照优先顺序列出。
# Section of recommended cases.
# Preferred style for 'special' variables:
echo "Positional: $1" "$5" "$3"
echo "Specials: !=$!, -=$-, _=$_. ?=$?, #=$# *=$* @=$@ \$=$$ ..."
# Braces necessary:
echo "many parameters: ${10}"
# Braces avoiding confusion:
# Output is "a0b0c0"
set -- a b c
echo "${1}0${2}0${3}0"
# Preferred style for other variables:
echo "PATH=${PATH}, PWD=${PWD}, mine=${some_var}"
while read f; do
echo "file=${f}"
done < <(ls -l /tmp)
# Section of discouraged cases
# Unquoted vars, unbraced vars, brace-quoted single letter
# shell specials.
echo a=$avar "b=$bvar" "PID=${$}" "${1}"
# Confusing use: this is expanded as "${1}0${2}0${3}0",
# not "${10}${20}${30}
set -- a b c
echo "$10$20$30"
[[
中模式匹配的引用规则。$@
除非你有特殊原因需要使用 $*
。# 'Single' quotes indicate that no substitution is desired.
# "Double" quotes indicate that substitution is required/tolerated.
# Simple examples
# "quote command substitutions"
flag="$(some_command and its args "$@" 'quoted separately')"
# "quote variables"
echo "${flag}"
# "never quote literal integers"
value=32
# "quote command substitutions", even when you expect integers
number="$(generate_number)"
# "prefer quoting words", not compulsory
readonly USE_INTEGER='true'
# "quote shell meta characters"
echo 'Hello stranger, and well met. Earn lots of $$$'
echo "Process $$: Done making \$\$\$."
# "command options or path names"
# ($1 is assumed to contain a value here)
grep -li Hugo /dev/null "$1"
# Less simple examples
# "quote variables, unless proven false": ccs might be empty
git send-email --to "${reviewers}" ${ccs:+"--cc" "${ccs}"}
# Positional parameter precautions: $1 might be unset
# Single quotes leave regex as-is.
grep -cP '([Ss]pecial|\|?characters*)$' ${1:+"$1"}
# For passing on arguments,
# "$@" is right almost everytime, and
# $* is wrong almost everytime:
#
# * $* and $@ will split on spaces, clobbering up arguments
# that contain spaces and dropping empty strings;
# * "$@" will retain arguments as-is, so no args
# provided will result in no args being passed on;
# This is in most cases what you want to use for passing
# on arguments.
# * "$*" expands to one argument, with all args joined
# by (usually) spaces,
# so no args provided will result in one empty string
# being passed on.
# (Consult 'man bash' for the nit-grits ;-)
set -- 1 "2 two" "3 three tres"; echo $# ; set -- "$*"; echo "$#, $@")
set -- 1 "2 two" "3 three tres"; echo $# ; set -- "$@"; echo "$#, $@")