编写:jdneo - 原文:http://developer.android.com/training/graphics/opengl/projection.html
在OpenGL ES环境中,利用投影和相机视角可以让显示的绘图对象更加酷似于我们用肉眼看到的真实物体。该物理视角的仿真是对绘制对象坐标的进行数学变换实现的:
这节课将解释如何创建一个投影和一个相机视角,并应用它们到GLSurfaceView中的绘制图像上。
投影变换的数据会在GLSurfaceView.Renderer类的onSurfaceChanged()方法中被计算。下面的代码首先接收GLSurfaceView的高和宽,然后利用它并使用Matrix.frustumM()方法来填充一个投影变换矩阵(Projection Transformation Matrix):
// mMVPMatrix is an abbreviation for "Model View Projection Matrix"
private final float[] mMVPMatrix = new float[16];
private final float[] mProjectionMatrix = new float[16];
private final float[] mViewMatrix = new float[16];
@Override
public void onSurfaceChanged(GL10 unused, int width, int height) {
GLES20.glViewport(0, 0, width, height);
float ratio = (float) width / height;
// this projection matrix is applied to object coordinates
// in the onDrawFrame() method
Matrix.frustumM(mProjectionMatrix, 0, -ratio, ratio, -1, 1, 3, 7);
}
该代码填充了一个投影矩阵:mProjectionMatrix,在下一节中,我们可以在onDrawFrame()方法中将它和一个相机视角变换结合起来。
Note:在绘图对象上只应用一个投影变换会导致显示效果看上去很空旷。一般而言,我们还要实现一个相机视角,使得所有对象出现在屏幕上。
在渲染器中添加一个相机视角变换作为绘图过程的一部分,以此完成我们的绘图对象所需变换的所有步骤。在下面的代码中,使用Matrix.setLookAtM()方法来计算相机视角变换,然后与之前计算的投影矩阵结合起来,结合后的变换矩阵传递给绘制图像:
@Override
public void onDrawFrame(GL10 unused) {
...
// Set the camera position (View matrix)
Matrix.setLookAtM(mViewMatrix, 0, 0, 0, -3, 0f, 0f, 0f, 0f, 1.0f, 0.0f);
// Calculate the projection and view transformation
Matrix.multiplyMM(mMVPMatrix, 0, mProjectionMatrix, 0, mViewMatrix, 0);
// Draw shape
mTriangle.draw(mMVPMatrix);
}
为了使用在之前章节中结合了的相机视角变换和投影变换,我们首先为之前在Triangle类中定义的顶点着色器添加一个Matrix变量:
public class Triangle {
private final String vertexShaderCode =
// This matrix member variable provides a hook to manipulate
// the coordinates of the objects that use this vertex shader
"uniform mat4 uMVPMatrix;" +
"attribute vec4 vPosition;" +
"void main() {" +
// the matrix must be included as a modifier of gl_Position
// Note that the uMVPMatrix factor *must be first* in order
// for the matrix multiplication product to be correct.
" gl_Position = uMVPMatrix * vPosition;" +
"}";
// Use to access and set the view transformation
private int mMVPMatrixHandle;
...
}
之后,修改图形对象的draw()
方法,使得它接收组合后的变换矩阵,并将它应用到图形上:
public void draw(float[] mvpMatrix) { // pass in the calculated transformation matrix
...
// get handle to shape's transformation matrix
mMVPMatrixHandle = GLES20.glGetUniformLocation(mProgram, "uMVPMatrix");
// Pass the projection and view transformation to the shader
GLES20.glUniformMatrix4fv(mMVPMatrixHandle, 1, false, mvpMatrix, 0);
// Draw the triangle
GLES20.glDrawArrays(GLES20.GL_TRIANGLES, 0, vertexCount);
// Disable vertex array
GLES20.glDisableVertexAttribArray(mPositionHandle);
}
一旦我们正确地计算并应用了投影变换和相机视角变换,我们的图形就会以正确的比例绘制出来,它看上去会像是这样:
现在,应用已经可以通过正确的比例显示图形了,下面就为图形添加一些动画效果吧!